International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management
IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Indexed Quarterly Journal International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering, and Management (IJISEM) is an open-access publication overseen by IJISEM Journals. It is dedicated to fostering the interests of emerging and promising writers. IJISEM endeavors to transcend geographical boundaries by welcoming contributions from professionals and academics worldwide, not limited to India. We thus adopted the term International as our motto and used it in the title of our journal. We are dedicated to fostering innovation and excellence across scientific, engineering, and management disciplines through our commitment to sharing knowledge. The publication focuses on research and intellectual viewpoints in order to achieve this goal. Realistic analysis, interdisciplinary/applied/methodological, empirical evidence production and utilization, critical viewpoint development and policy building work are all welcome in achieving this goal. IJISEM aims to provide a platform for doctoral researchers to showcase their investigations and disseminate their research findings and knowledge to a wider audience. IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering and Management Title IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management Frequency Quarterly (July, October, January and April) ISSN 2583 – 7117 Publication Format Online Chief Editor Dr. Rajesh Gupta Publisher Yogesh Sharma, M.Tech (Industrial Design) Subject Multidisciplinary Published by IJISEM Journals Starting Year 2022 E-Mail editor@ijisem.com Mobile No (+91) 70893666889 Mobile No (+91) 9981622288 Publishing Body AG Publishing House Language Multiple Languages Copyright AG Publishing House Website http://www.ijisem.com/ Address IJISEM Journals 57-First Floor, Susheela Bhawan, Priyadarshini Phase-3, near Meenakshi Planet City, Bagmugaliya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462043
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Artificial Intelligence in US Healthcare System: Current Applications and Ethical Challenges
Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently evolving the American healthcare system by way of its potential to improve diagnostic precision, expedite administrative procedures, and predictive analytics that can inform preventative measures for illness that could occur in the future. It has been seen that applications of AI in the form of applications and systems such as AI robotics surgery, deep learning algorithms, and precision medicine are making the patients outcomes better and also hospital operations more streamlined. This trajectory leads to data-driven, patient-focused care due to their use in the computation of the risk assessment, early illness disclosure, and personalized treatment plans, which are increasingly starting to fall under the purview of the use of machine learning models. Yet, health complexification remains extreme, and embedding AI in health care still has a long way to go, a multidimensional problematic divergence due to the combination of ethical and legal obstacles, including algorithmic bias, data privacy issues, and opaque AI-driven decision-making. The difficulty that adoption is becoming on the state level, due to worries about the impact of AI on the workers who provide healthcare and worries about job displacement and doubt, and the need for explainable AI, makes adoption more difficult. The issue of safe and responsible use of AI technology is guaranteed by the regulatory environment, where FDA clearance of AI medical devices and changing ethical standards play the central role. For this, they require the kind of continuous regulatory improvements, multidisciplinary cooperation, and the steps in place in AI governance frameworks. There will be future research in explainable AI, AI bias reduction, and AI-driven interventions to help the public’s health benefit at an optimal level while respecting equity and guaranteeing accountability. This research investigates the current state of AI in U.S. healthcare, its ethics and regulatory implications, and its future potential in disruptive AI.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ajay Ashok Jadhav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Menstrual Blood Stem Cell Banking: Current Knowledge, Clinical Applications, and Future Prospects
Menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) are a new, non-invasive, and ethically sound source of mesenchymal stem cells that hold great promise for regenerative applications. This paper discusses the existing state of research on MenSCs, focusing on their biology, harvest, isolation, and preservation via menstrual blood banking. MenSCs have a high proliferation rate, multipotency and immunomodulation, and can differentiate into diverse cell lineages, including neural, cardiac and osteogenic. Their ability to be obtained via regular menstrual cycles presents a renewable and accessible source of stem cells. The paper discusses the progress in freezing techniques and the development of menstrual blood banks. It also discusses the broad spectrum of clinical applications for MenSCs in regenerative medicine, central nervous system injuries, heart diseases, infertility, as well as metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Although standardization and awareness are needed, there is potential for MenSC banking in future applications of personalized and regenerative therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amit Kumar Meena, Tushar Chaturvedi, Reetesh Kumar Ahirwa, Dinesh Kumar Kachhawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Intelligent Multi-Stage Malaria Detection and Life-Stage Classification Using Deep Learning
The labor-intensive nature of blood smear testing for the presence of malaria in humans requires a trained individual in order to yield accurate test results so to reduce the lengthy testing process, we propose a two-tiered deep learning method for both diagnosing individuals for the presence of malaria and classifying their infection(s) by the stage of the parasite (i.e. ring, trophozoite, schizont, or gametocyte). The first tier will utilize a convolutional neural network (CNN) to make the determination of whether an image has evidence of a malaria infection. The second tier will classify those images that contain malaria parasites based on the parasite life stage. To improve the interpretability of the results, we will use Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping algorithm (Grad-CAM) allowing for more accurate visualization of the reasoning behind the way the model classified each image and establish a confidence threshold so that experts may investigate the classification for confirmation. We have conducted preliminary testing on the system for its ability to detect malaria and the preliminary results have been favorable but the development work needed to classify the different life stages of the malaria parasite is still underway. This system provides the ability to rapidly, accurately and interpretably identify malaria. In addition to providing a quick method for diagnosing malaria, this system may be applied to low-resource settings depending on available resources. Lastly, the implementation of data augmentation and preprocessing techniques will increase the performance of the model. Taking into consideration that the design of the system is modular, there are no limitations in developing additional models for future integration into this system. This research highlights the capabilities of integrating deep learning with explainability techniques to better inform the physician or clinician based on medical images.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tanmay Patil, Mayank Kothari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Descriptive Representation Without Substantive Empowerment: Caste, Party Influence, Money Power, and Patriarchy in SC Women-Reserved Panchayat Elections in Rural Telangana
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment of 1992 mandated reservations for Scheduled Caste (SC) women in Gram Panchayat elections across India, with the intent of achieving both descriptive and substantive political empowerment for historically marginalised communities. This paper examines whether that intent has been realised in practice, drawing on primary data collected from 84 respondents in a rural village in Telangana through a structured questionnaire of 56 items. Using descriptive percentage analysis and cross-tabulations, the study investigates how caste dynamics and intra-SC sub-caste divisions, political party influence, money power and material inducements, and patriarchal norms interact to shape the SC women-reserved Sarpanch election. The findings reveal that 69% of respondents voted along caste lines, 85.7% confirmed active political party involvement in what is constitutionally a non-party election, 71.4% acknowledged that cash and material inducements were distributed, and 64.3% said elected SC women do not function independently after winning office. The paper argues that reservation has succeeded in ensuring descriptive representation - SC women are present in elected positions - but has not produced substantive empowerment, because the four structural forces of caste, party, money, and patriarchy remain largely intact. The study contributes micro-level empirical evidence from Telangana to the broader debate on the limits and possibilities of affirmative action in Indian local governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Sreeshailam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Study of Human Resource Management Strategies With reference to Modern Training Programs in Selected Hospitals of Bhopal
This research study is an attempt to identify and compare the various modern and contemporary training programs offered in Government and Private hospitals in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. The research paper mainly focuses on training programs which comes under the ages of human resource management strategies, like professional development programs, specialized and quality programs, support and ancillary staff training programs, management and administrative training programs, specialized allied health training programs, and simulation based clinical skills training programs etc. This research problem refers to some exertion which researcher experiences in a practical situation and wants to attain a solution for the same. In this research, the components of the research are the variables that contribute to medicos’ perception towards modern training practices in hospitals. Research problem has been aligned and targeted with best suited research objectives and hypotheses that are framed to make it more appropriate in nature to bring out an ultimate solution to the prevailing issues. Research design for this study comprises of sample from the tehsils belong to Bhopal, Doctors and medical professionals working in government and private hospitals, a well-structured questionnaire has been formulated to get the views of the medicos.
support and ancillary staff training programs
specialized allied health training programs
Copyright (c) 2026 Durga Singh, N K Shrivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Entrepreneurship Development Among Tribal Women in Northeast India: Challenges, Opportunities, and Socio-Economic Impacts
This study delves into the dynamics of entrepreneurship development among tribal women in Northeast India, a region known for its rich cultural diversity and socio-economic complexities. The research highlights the critical role that tribal women play in driving local economies, despite the myriad of challenges they encounter. By employing a mixed-method approach, incorporating surveys, interviews, and case studies, the study meticulously examines the influence of factors such as education, access to financial resources, market exposure, and the use of traditional knowledge in shaping the entrepreneurial landscape for these women. One of the key findings of the research is that tribal women in the region possess inherent entrepreneurial capabilities. However, their potential is often hindered by several barriers, such as limited access to capital, socio-cultural norms that restrict their participation in business, and insufficient institutional frameworks that could otherwise support their growth. These constraints are exacerbated by the geographical isolation of many tribal communities, making it difficult for these women to access broader markets and networks. Despite these challenges, the study identifies numerous success stories of tribal women who have overcome these obstacles and established sustainable businesses. Their ventures not only contribute to their personal financial independence but also to the upliftment of their communities, creating ripple effects in local development. The study concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at fostering a more enabling environment for entrepreneurship among tribal women. These include targeted interventions in education, financial literacy, and market linkages, all of which are essential for achieving inclusive and sustainable development in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Biswadeep Borah, Nabasmita Bordoloi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Leech Therapy: An Old Method Applied in Modern Medicine
Leech therapy, also known as hirudotherapy, originated in ancient medicine when people used leeches for therapeutic purposes. Different cultures around the world have found these blood-draining, wormlike creatures since antiquity. In leech saliva, enzymes, peptides, and proteins such as anticoagulants, vasodilators, anti-inflammatory, and anaesthetic substances are present. Hirudin, an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting, is the most important agent in leech saliva. In the 19th century, other bloodletting methods, whose origins date back even further than leech therapy, found their "application" in the "medicinal setting" of leech therapy. Consequently, "therapeutic bloodletting" gained popularity, particularly in Europe. However, plastic and reconstructive surgery, dermatology, and the management of pain/discomfort have been the primary areas where leech therapy has gained popularity in recent years. However, the historical limitations of leech therapy necessitate the performance of trained healthcare professionals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malsoor Thirumala, K. Vanaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Marathi Dialect Detector:Text and Speech Normalization to Standard Marathi and Hindi
Marathi is spoken across Maharashtra and nearby regions in many local forms such as Varhadi, Puneri, Kolhapuri, Marathwada and coastal varieties like Malvani and Konkani influenced Marathi. These dialects differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and sometimes grammar, while most digital systems still expect clean Standard Marathi or Hindi text. When users speak or write in their natural dialect, systems such as educational portals, government websites and chatbots may fail to understand the input or return poor quality output. This paper describes a small but complete framework for handling such cases. The proposed Indic Language Dialect Detector accepts both text and speech in selected Marathi regional dialects and produces normalized text in Standard Marathi and, optionally, in Hindi. For text input, the system fine-tunes a multilingual BERT-style encoder on pairs of dialect sentences and their normalized versions and uses this representation for both dialect classification and text normalization. For speech input, a wav2vec-style automatic speech recognition (ASR) model first converts audio to text, which is then passed through the same BERT-based module. A simple web interface connects these components and lets users type text or record audio and see the dialect label and normalized output. The system is evaluated on a small curated dataset collected from speakers of five dialects. We report dialect classification accuracy, normalization quality using sequence-level metrics, and qualitative examples. Although the dataset is limited, results suggest that combining modern text and speech models with basic rule-based handling is a practical way to support dialect users in low-resource Indian language settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prasad Gavali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Informational Content Of India Vix: Evidence From Volatility Envelopes, Causality, And Conditional Volatility Of Nifty Monthly Returns During 2015-2025
Understanding and measuring market uncertainty is central to asset pricing, risk management, and financial stability analysis. Volatility, though unobservable ex ante, plays a critical role in shaping investor behavior, portfolio allocation, and derivative pricing. Implied volatility indices, derived from option prices, offer a forward-looking assessment of expected market fluctuations by aggregating heterogeneous beliefs and risk perceptions of market participants. Among these, the India Volatility Index (India VIX), computed from Nifty 50 option prices, has emerged as the benchmark gauge of market uncertainty in the Indian equity market. While a substantial body of international research documents the informational role of implied volatility indices, empirical evidence for emerging markets—particularly at medium-term horizons—remains relatively limited. Existing studies on India VIX primarily focus on short-term relationships, contemporaneous correlations with equity returns, or volatility spillovers at daily or intraday frequencies. However, for investors, portfolio managers, and regulators, monthly horizons are especially relevant for strategic asset allocation, capital budgeting, risk limits, and macroprudential surveillance. Whether India VIX provides reliable ex-ante information at this horizon remains an open empirical question. This study addresses this gap by examining the informational content of India VIX for monthly movements and volatility dynamics of the Nifty 50 index over the period October 2015 to September 2025. The analysis adopts a unified empirical framework that integrates volatility interval estimation, directional causality testing, and conditional volatility modeling. Specifically, the study evaluates whether the one-standard-deviation volatility range implied by India VIX successfully bounds realized monthly Nifty movements, whether changes in implied volatility anticipate future equity returns, and whether India VIX contributes incremental information in explaining realized volatility beyond historical return innovations. The paper makes three key contributions to the literature. First, it introduces an interval-based evaluation of implied volatility in the Indian context, providing direct evidence on the economic validity of India VIX as a monthly risk envelope rather than relying solely on correlation or forecast error metrics. Second, it establishes the direction of information flow between implied volatility and equity returns at the monthly frequency, offering new insights into the forward-looking role of the Indian options market. Third, by incorporating India VIX into a GARCH-X framework, the study demonstrates the structural relevance of implied volatility in shaping realized volatility dynamics. The findings have important implications for market participants and policymakers. For investors and risk managers, the results suggest that India VIX can serve as a practical benchmark for setting exposure limits and volatility-based trading strategies. For regulators and policymakers, deviations from VIX-implied ranges may provide early signals of stress and regime shifts in financial markets. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the objectives and research questions. Section 3 reviews the relevant literature and identifies the research gaps addressed by the study. Section 4 & 5 describes the data and methodology. Section 6 & 7 presents the empirical results, followed by a discussion of findings in Section 8. Section 9 concludes the paper and outlines limitations and directions for future research in Section 10.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tuhin Mukherjee, Subhrajyoti Mandal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Detecting Greenwashing through Artificial Intelligence: Methods and Challenges
Greenwashing has become one of the critical issues in the age of sustainability-driven business communication, in which companies might overestimate or misreport their environmental performance. The paper is a review of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to detect greenwashing through a recent development in machine learning, natural language processing, and large language models. It notes some of the major methods including sentiment analysis, topic modeling, knowledge graphs and cross-source data validation in the process of identifying deceptive sustainability claims. The paper also looks at new technologies such as retrieval augmented generation and multimodal AI systems to have comprehensive ESG evaluation. Moreover, the paper presents the key challenges, such as data quality issues, absence of standardized datasets, model interpretability, and the dynamic nature of sustainability language. Literature review shows that AI-based detection is in its nascent stage with limited research. Generally, the paper highlights the importance of transparent, strong, and ethically sound AI frameworks to enhance the level of credibility in sustainability reporting.
ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance)
Copyright (c) 2026 Aman Vishnoi, Anjani Singh Chauhan, Mohammad Iftekhar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biotechnology And Patent Laws: Indian And International Perspective
Innovations in biotechnology have transformed the scientific landscape, bringing forth groundbreaking advancements that have significant implications for healthcare, agriculture, and industry. This paper provides a critical examination of the relationship between biotechnology and patent law, exploring the ethical and legal challenges associated with the patenting of genetic material, bioengineered organisms, and therapeutic techniques. By conducting a thorough analysis of pertinent case law, legislative changes, and international viewpoints, this research aims to illuminate the fragile balance between promoting innovation and guaranteeing fair access to biotechnological advancements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Astha Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Agency And AI: Can Machines Bear Rights And Responsibilities
Significant ethical and legal concerns regarding agency, rights, and responsibilities are brought up by the quick development of artificial intelligence (AI). Legal systems around the world are debating whether AI systems should have legal personhood or continue to be merely instruments of human agents as they become more autonomous. This essay examines the developing legal debate surrounding AI agency, the viability of giving AI systems legal rights, and the ramifications of holding them responsible for their deeds. Using current legal frameworks, philosophical viewpoints, and technological realities, this study critically assesses whether AI can or should have rights and responsibilities, as well as the circumstances in which this recognition might take place.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shradda Tomar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bio-Inspired Algorithmic Framework for AdaptiveFaçade Design in Energy-Efficient Architecture
The construction sector is one of the largest contributors to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. High thermal losses and over-reliance on mechanical heating or cooling systems are due to the frequent failure of traditional facades to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Inspired by natural systems such as the thermic cooling of plant leaves and the responsive structure of pine trees, this study provides an algorithmic bio-inspired framework for adaptive building facade design. The framework optimizes the geometry of the facade and the material response to occupancy dynamics, temperature, and sunlight, combining evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, and morphogenetic principles. Conventional methods, because of their rigid control logic, often fail to strike the right balance between performance, comfort, and aesthetics. To achieve a dynamic balance between energy consumption and indoor comfort, the proposed framework will introduce an adaptive, self-organising mechanism that continuously changes the elements of the facade in real time. Computational simulations using parametric modelling and energy-use analysis tools shall be performed to evaluate metrics like temperature comfort index (PMI), solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), daylight autonomy (DA), and energy use intensity (EUI).
Copyright (c) 2026 Akkinapalli Vikram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phishing Website Detection: A Systematic Review of URL-Based and Deep Learning Approaches
Phishing websites have reached to be one of the most important cybersecurity threats in the digital ecosystem. They achieve this through impersonating reputed online services and through this technique, they get hold of the username, password, bank details, and even personal identification data of an unsuspecting user. The successful phishing attacks might lead to financial destruction, losing one's identity, privacy invasion, and the organization suffering from a bad reputation. The application of traditional phishing detection methods such as blacklists and rule-based heuristics has not been very effective, especially with the newly-created and fast- changing phishing websites. The development of deep learning (DL) has helped to a great extent in the improvement of the phishing detection systems because it has allowed for automated feature learning, better generalization, and real-time classification. The discussion on URL feature–based phishing detection is gaining traction and is being considered due to its minimal processing requirements, the possibility of being available at an early stage and thus being suitable for real-time deployment. Unlike the content-based or behavior-based detection methods, the URL-based method does not necessitate webpage rendering or external queries thus making it very efficient for browser and network-level security. This paper reviews and presents a detailed systematic analysis of deep learning–based real-time phishing website detection systems that utilize URL features. Its focus is on the evolution of phishing detection methods, URL feature representations, deep learning architectures, as well as system-level considerations. Furthermore, the paper discusses key challenges such as zero-day attacks, adversarial manipulation, concept drift, and model interpretability, while highlighting promising future research directions. By consolidating existing research into a structured review, this work aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners working in intelligent cybersecurity systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pratik Ahirwar, Anurag Shrivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Economics in the Indian Knowledge System: A Philosophical Survey
The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) presents a comprehensive and integrative framework in which economic thought is deeply embedded within ethical, philosophical, and socio-cultural dimensions. This paper undertakes a philosophical survey of economics in IKS, examining how classical Indian traditions conceptualize economic life not merely as a material pursuit but as an ethically regulated and socially oriented activity. Drawing upon foundational sources such as the Vedas, Upaniṣads, Arthaśāstra, Dharmaśāstras, and Buddhist and Jain texts, the study explores key principles including Dharma as a moral regulator, Artha as a legitimate yet subordinate aim, and the broader Purushārtha framework guiding human life. Through a qualitative and interpretative methodology, the paper analyzes themes such as welfare orientation, distributive justice, state intervention, sustainability, and moral economy, highlighting their relevance in contrast to modern neoclassical economics, which often prioritizes individual utility maximization and market efficiency. The study further engages in a comparative evaluation, demonstrating that Indian economic thought aligns more closely with contemporary approaches such as welfare economics, ecological economics, and capability theory. By situating economic activity within a normative and holistic worldview, IKS offers an alternative paradigm that emphasizes balance between material prosperity, ethical responsibility, and environmental sustainability. The paper concludes that revisiting Indian economic philosophy can contribute meaningfully to addressing present-day global challenges, including inequality, ecological crises, and ethical deficits in economic systems, thereby enriching contemporary economic discourse with culturally grounded and philosophically robust insights.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sanjay Kumar Tiwari, Vijay Kumar Tiwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
जैविक कृषि पद्धतियों के प्रति किसानों की धारणा और दृष्टिकोण
वर्तमान अध्ययन का उद्देश्य जैविक कृषि पद्धतियों के प्रति किसानों की धारणा, जागरूकता एवं दृष्टिकोण का विश्लेषण करना तथा इन कारकों का जैविक कृषि अपनाने के स्तर पर प्रभाव का परीक्षण करना है। यह अध्ययन सर्वेक्षण आधारित एवं मात्रात्मक प्रकृति का है, जिसमें संरचित प्रश्नावली के माध्यम से 236 किसानों से प्राथमिक आंकड़े संकलित किए गए। अध्ययन में सामाजिक-आर्थिक विशेषताएँ, जैविक कृषि संबंधी जागरूकता, किसानों की धारणा, दृष्टिकोण तथा जैविक कृषि अपनाने के स्तर को प्रमुख चरों के रूप में शामिल किया गया। आंकड़ों के विश्लेषण हेतु आवृत्ति, प्रतिशत, वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी, सहसंबंध तथा ANOVA परीक्षण का उपयोग किया गया। परिणामों से ज्ञात हुआ कि किसानों में जैविक कृषि के स्वास्थ्य एवं पर्यावरणीय लाभों के प्रति सकारात्मक धारणा विद्यमान है। सहसंबंध विश्लेषण ने सामाजिक-आर्थिक विशेषताओं एवं धारणा तथा जागरूकता एवं दृष्टिकोण के मध्य महत्वपूर्ण सकारात्मक संबंध को दर्शाया। साथ ही, विश्लेषण से यह भी स्पष्ट हुआ कि किसानों की धारणा जैविक कृषि अपनाने के स्तर को महत्वपूर्ण रूप से प्रभावित करती है। अध्ययन यह संकेत करता है कि जागरूकता, सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण एवं संस्थागत सहयोग जैविक कृषि के प्रसार में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं और सतत कृषि विकास को प्रोत्साहित कर सकते हैं।
Copyright (c) 2026 विजयश्री मालवीय, सीताराम हर्णे https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Vitiation of Consent in Digital Contracts: A Critical Analysis of Cyber Fraud, Misrepresentation, and Online Financial Scams under Sections 17 and 18 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872”
The dynamic nature of the digital transaction has had a strong impact on establishing new contractual relationships, which is associated with difficult legal questions about consent validity. This review paper examines the concept of vitiation of consent in digital contracts with specific reference to fraud and misrepresentation under Sections 17 and 18 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. It discusses the history of e-contracts, their key components and other types including click-wrap, browse- wrap and email contracts. The paper underscores the distortion of free consent in the virtual world by cyber fraud, online money scams, and malicious online practices. By analyzing existing legal provisions, including the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the paper identifies gaps in addressing emerging digital risks. An analysis of current literature also demonstrates the lack of proper consumer protection and enforcement procedures. The paper highlights that more powerful regulatory frameworks and greater awareness is needed to promote fair, transparent, and legally valid digital contracting practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Runjhun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
मध्य प्रदेश में लैंगिक समानता के परिप्रेक्ष्य में बेटी बचाओ बेटी पढ़ाओ अभियान के प्रभाव का समाजशास्त्री अध्ययन
भारतीय समाज में लैंगिक असमानता एक दीर्घकालिक सामाजिक समस्या रही है, जिसमें विशेष रूप से बालिकाओं की शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, सुरक्षा एवं अधिकारों के प्रति भेदभाव स्पष्ट रूप से परिलक्षित होता है। इस संदर्भ में ‘बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ’ (BBBP) अभियान एक महत्वपूर्ण सामाजिक पहल के रूप में उभरा है, जिसका उद्देश्य बालिका भ्रूण हत्या को रोकना, बालिकाओं की शिक्षा को बढ़ावा देना तथा समाज में सकारात्मक लैंगिक दृष्टिकोण विकसित करना है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन मध्य प्रदेश के भोपाल (शहरी) और रायसेन (अर्ध-ग्रामीण) जिलों में इस अभियान के प्रभाव का समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। यह शोध परिमाणात्मक, विवरणात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक प्रकृति का है, जिसमें 500 उत्तरदाताओं से स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक नमूनाकरण के माध्यम से आंकड़े एकत्र किए गए। 5-बिंदु लिकर्ट स्केल आधारित संरचित प्रश्नावली का उपयोग करते हुए जागरूकता, सामाजिक दृष्टिकोण, तथा व्यवहारिक परिवर्तनों का आकलन किया गया। अध्ययन के परिणाम दर्शाते हैं कि अभियान के प्रति व्यापक जागरूकता विकसित हुई है तथा 80 प्रतिशत से अधिक उत्तरदाताओं ने इसे बालिकाओं की शिक्षा, सुरक्षा, आत्मनिर्भरता और लैंगिक समानता को बढ़ावा देने में प्रभावी माना। मीडिया, शैक्षणिक संस्थानों एवं सरकारी कार्यक्रमों की भूमिका इस संदर्भ में महत्वपूर्ण रही। सामाजिक सोच में सकारात्मक परिवर्तन, जैसे बाल विवाह में कमी, बेटियों के प्रति सम्मान में वृद्धि और शिक्षा के प्रति बढ़ती रुचि, स्पष्ट रूप से परिलक्षित हुए हैं। हालाँकि, ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पारंपरिक मान्यताओं, आर्थिक सीमाओं और संसाधनों की कमी के कारण यह परिवर्तन अभी पूर्णतः व्यवहारिक स्तर पर स्थापित नहीं हो पाया है। अतः निष्कर्षतः कहा जा सकता है कि BBBP अभियान ने सामाजिक चेतना को सुदृढ़ आधार प्रदान किया है, परंतु इसके स्थायी प्रभाव हेतु निरंतर क्रियान्वयन, स्थानीय अनुकूलन और व्यापक जनसहभागिता अत्यंत आवश्यक है।.
Copyright (c) 2026 उषा वैद्य, लक्ष्मी ठाकुर https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development and Characterization of Crisaborole-Loaded Liposomal Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Topical and Antibacterial
The present study focuses on the preparation, development, and characterization of a liposphere formulation containing Crisaborole to enhance its solubility, dermal delivery, and antibacterial efficacy. The formulation was developed using the thin-film hydration method with soya lecithin. Pre-formulation studies confirmed suitable physicochemical properties, with a melting point of 131°C, pH 5.3, and λmax at 250 nm, showing good linearity (R² = 0.9951). The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 43.07 nm, zeta potential of -18.0 mV, and high entrapment efficiency (93.48%), indicating stability and uniformity. SEM analysis confirmed spherical morphology. In-vitro drug release followed zero-order and Higuchi kinetics, suggesting controlled diffusion. Stability studies demonstrated minimal changes under refrigerated conditions. The formulation showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli compared to the pure drug. Overall, the developed liposphere system proved to be a promising approach for improved topical delivery and therapeutic effectiveness of Crisaborole.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prabhat Yadav, Brajesh Kumar Arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development and Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Assisted Neomycin Microsponge Gel for Sustained Topical Delivery
This study focuses on the formulation, development, and optimization of β-cyclodextrin-based neomycin-loaded microsponge gel for effective topical drug delivery. Preformulation studies confirmed neomycin’s suitable physicochemical properties, including good solubility in polar solvents, acceptable pH, and stability. Microsponge formulations exhibited porous, spherical morphology with nanoscale particle size and high drug entrapment efficiency, with formulation MSF4 showing optimal performance. The prepared gel demonstrated desirable characteristics such as smooth texture, appropriate viscosity, skin-compatible pH, excellent spreadability, and absence of irritation. In vitro drug release followed zero-order kinetics, indicating sustained and controlled release. Antimicrobial studies revealed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Stability studies confirmed minimal changes under various storage conditions. Overall, the optimized β-cyclodextrin-based microsponge gel presents a stable, effective, and promising system for localized treatment of bacterial skin infections with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neeraj Kumar Shah, Brajesh Kumar Arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Preparation and Characterization of Fenoprofen Liposomes for Controlled Drug Delivery Applications
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a liposomal drug delivery system for Fenoprofen HCl to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce associated toxicities. Preformulation studies, including organoleptic evaluation, solubility, melting point, partition coefficient, and λmax determination (270.8 nm), were carried out to establish the physicochemical properties of the drug. Compatibility studies using FTIR confirmed the absence of interactions between the drug and excipients. Liposomes were prepared by the thin film hydration technique using soybean lecithin and stabilizers such as dicetylphosphate and stearylamine. The formulated liposomes were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug entrapment, in vitro drug release, and stability. Among all formulations, F6 exhibited optimal particle size, higher stability (zeta potential −23.4 mV), and sustained drug release behavior. SEM analysis confirmed smooth and uniform vesicle morphology. In vitro release studies indicated controlled drug release following zero-order kinetics and Case II transport mechanism. Stability studies demonstrated that the formulations remained stable over 60 days. Overall, the developed liposomal formulation of Fenoprofen showed improved stability, controlled drug release, and potential for effective management of pain and inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jitendra Yadav, Brajesh Kumar Arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
खिलाफत और असहयोग आंदोलन: धार्मिक-राजनीतिक एकता और जन-आंदोलन के उदय का समालोचनात्मक अध्ययन
बीसवीं शताब्दी के प्रारंभिक दशकों में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन ने एक महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन का अनुभव किया, जिसमें उसकी प्रकृति अभिजात्य सीमाओं से निकलकर जनआधारित स्वरूप में परिवर्तित हुई। इस परिवर्तन में खिलाफत आंदोलन और असहयोग आंदोलन की संयुक्त भूमिका अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण रही। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन इन दोनों आंदोलनों के ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ, वैचारिक आधार तथा उनके पारस्परिक संबंधों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि धार्मिक और राजनीतिक तत्वों के समन्वय ने भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद को नई दिशा प्रदान की तथा व्यापक जनसहभागिता को सुनिश्चित किया। साथ ही, यह भी पाया गया कि यद्यपि इन आंदोलनों ने हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता को सुदृढ़ किया, तथापि उनके अंतर्विरोधों ने दीर्घकालिक चुनौतियाँ भी उत्पन्न कीं। इस प्रकार, ये आंदोलन भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के विकास में एक महत्वपूर्ण मोड़ का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं।
Copyright (c) 2023 अनुपम मित्र https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन में क्रांतिकारी धारा: विचारधारा, रणनीति और प्रभाव का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन को प्रायः अहिंसात्मक संघर्ष के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है, किंतु इसके समानांतर विकसित क्रांतिकारी धारा ने औपनिवेशिक शासन के विरुद्ध सशस्त्र प्रतिरोध का एक महत्वपूर्ण विकल्प प्रस्तुत किया। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन क्रांतिकारी आंदोलन की ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि, वैचारिक आधार, संगठनात्मक स्वरूप तथा उसके प्रभावों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है। यह स्पष्ट होता है कि क्रांतिकारी धारा केवल हिंसात्मक गतिविधियों तक सीमित नहीं थी, बल्कि इसके पीछे गहन राष्ट्रवादी, सामाजिक और वैचारिक दृष्टिकोण विद्यमान था। इस आंदोलन ने विशेष रूप से युवाओं में साहस, त्याग और राष्ट्रभक्ति की भावना को प्रबल किया। यद्यपि इसकी कुछ सीमाएँ थीं, जैसे संगठनात्मक कमजोरी और सीमित जनाधार, फिर भी इसका मनोवैज्ञानिक और प्रेरणात्मक प्रभाव अत्यंत व्यापक रहा। अध्ययन यह निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत करता है कि क्रांतिकारी धारा ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को एक महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा और वैकल्पिक दृष्टि प्रदान की।
Copyright (c) 2022 अनुपम मित्र https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
1857 का विद्रोह: कारण, स्वरूप और भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद के विकास में इसकी भूमिका का समालोचनात्मक अध्ययन
1857 का विद्रोह भारतीय इतिहास की एक महत्वपूर्ण और बहुआयामी घटना थी, जिसने औपनिवेशिक शासन के विरुद्ध व्यापक असंतोष को संगठित रूप में अभिव्यक्त किया। यह अध्ययन विद्रोह के राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक कारणों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है तथा इसके स्वरूप और प्रभावों को स्पष्ट करता है। विद्रोह में सैनिकों, किसानों, जमींदारों और पारंपरिक शासकों की सहभागिता ने इसे एक व्यापक सामाजिक आंदोलन का रूप दिया, यद्यपि इसमें समन्वित नेतृत्व का अभाव था। अध्ययन यह दर्शाता है कि यह विद्रोह पूर्णतः राष्ट्रवादी नहीं था, फिर भी इसने औपनिवेशिक शासन के विरुद्ध संगठित प्रतिरोध की नींव रखी। इसके परिणामस्वरूप भारतीय समाज में राजनीतिक चेतना का विकास हुआ, जिसने आगे चलकर राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलन को गति प्रदान की।
Explainable Quantum-Optimized Efficient Net Framework For Multi-Class Disaster Image Classification
Disaster detection needs to happen accurately and instantly because it helps to reduce human deaths and financial losses and environmental destruction. Satellite remote sensing and artificial intelligence advancements have created better systems which can automatically identify disasters through their analysis of extensive satellite imagery. Deep learning disaster detection systems function as black-box systems which restrict their ability to operate in emergency situations because decision-makers cannot understand their functioning. The research presents a deep learning system which combines explainability with quantum-enhanced efficiency to classify multiple disaster types through image analysis. The system uses EfficientNetB0 to extract features with high efficiency while using a quantum-inspired metaheuristic algorithm to select the best features and multiple Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods which include Grad-CAM Saliency Maps and LIME. The proposed system is trained and evaluated on the Comprehensive Disaster Dataset (CDD) introduced by Niloy et al., comprising flood, wildfire, earthquake damage, landslide, urban fire, and non-disaster classes. The experimental assessment shows that the proposed system reaches 98.4% classification accuracy while maintaining high precision and recall and F1-score performance across all disaster categories. The model uses XAI techniques to provide visual and instance-level understanding of its predictions because the model needs to show how disaster features impact its outcomes. Comparative analysis indicates superior performance and improved explainability over recent deep learning–based disaster detection systems. The results confirm that combining quantum-based feature optimization with explainable deep learning enhances both predictive performance and operational trust, making the framework suitable for real-world disaster management and emergency response systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samiksha Bharti, Bappaditya Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrating Deep CNN Features with Classical Statistical Regression for Interpretable and Uncertainty-Aware Image Classification
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve state-of-the-art performance in image classification tasks, particularly in medical imaging. However, their limited interpretability and lack of formal statistical inference restrict their adoption in high-stakes clinical and regulatory settings. This study proposes a hybrid two-stage framework integrating CNN-derived embeddings with classical statistical regression models to produce interpretable prediction systems with valid confidence intervals. Using a publicly available chest X-ray dataset, deep features extracted from a fine-tuned ResNet architecture were incorporated into logistic and mixed-effects regression models. Bootstrap resampling and permutation testing were employed to quantify uncertainty and compare model performance. Results demonstrate that the hybrid framework maintains competitive predictive accuracy while enabling estimation of odds ratios, hypothesis testing, and calibrated probability outputs. This integration bridges modern deep learning with classical statistical methodology and provides a pathway toward transparent and trustworthy AI deployment
Copyright (c) 2026 Lalit Kumar Rawat, Anil Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The E-Commerce Experience Trap: Psychological Effects of Online Shopping on Generation Z
The emergence of e-commerce platforms has largely changed the level of consumer buying behavior especially the generation Z consumers who are heavily concentrated in the digital world. Interactive capabilities, which have been actively used on online shopping platforms in recent years, are personalized recommendations, influencer marketing, flash sales, and targeted advertisements, to increase user engagement and output buying. Although these solutions enhance convenience and accessibility, they can also form what can be termed as the E-Commerce Experience Trap where consumers fall into a psychological trap of being driven by design and persuasion mechanism of online shopping settings. In this review paper, the psychological impacts of online shopping on Generation Z are analyzed considering the critical factors driving this phenomenon, which include emotional triggers, fear of missing out (FOMO), social proof, personalization algorithm, and instant gratification. Other aspects examined in the study include the impact of social media and influencer marketing on consumer decision-making. Through synthesis of the available literature, the review points out the opportunities and threats linked to immersive e-commerce experiences and stresses on the necessity of responsible digital marketing and enhanced consumer awareness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deepak Bisht, Puskar Negi, Atul Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect Of Online Reviews And Social Media Recommendations On Consumer Purchase Decisions
Purchasing behaviour among consumers has been overhauled by the high rate at which digital technologies and social networking platforms are evolving. This paper investigates the impact of the online reviews and social media recommendations on consumers buying decisions through a descriptive and analytical research methodology based on secondary data collected. The analysis will be organized on a standardized set of 100 digital purchase cases to investigate the relative role of various sources of information, review valence, decision-making stages, and social media types of influence. The results showed that online reviews can and do have the greatest impact on the decision to buy, then social media recommendations, and finally, traditional advertising has a relatively weak influence. Favorable reviews greatly improve the probability of buying and unfavourable reviews discourage consumers to carry out the purchases. It is also found that digital recommendations have the most significant influence on the information search and evaluation phases of the consumer decision-making process. The endorsement of influencers and peer recommendations is more convincing compared to brand-created content, which speaks of the need to be credible and authentic in digital communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nupur Srivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Consumer Attitude Towards Social Media Advertising And Its Impact On Buying Behaviour
The fast advancement of digital technology has brought a lot of change to the marketing practice as social media has become one of the major advertising platforms. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the consumer attitude regarding social media advertising and the effects of advertising on purchasing behaviour. The academic analytical results are based on assessing consumer exposure to social media advertisements, their attitudes to social media advertising, the degree of impact on purchase decisions, and the degree to which the advertisement elicits actual buying behaviour using a sample size of 120 observations. The results suggest that most of the consumers are often exposed to the social media adverts and have a positive attitude towards the adverts. Also, social media advertisement shows a significant impact on the choice of purchases and real purchase behaviour. The research is conclusive that the consumer attitude towards social media advertising is a major influence on the purchase intention and buying behaviour and consequently, the social media is an effective strategic marketing instrument in the current digital market.
बुन्देलखण्ड के प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल एवं पर्यटन क्षेत्र में संभावनाएं
भौगोलिक दृष्टि से बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र का विस्तार उत्तर प्रदेश के साथ ही मध्य प्रदेश में भी है। उत्तर प्रदेश के 7 और मध्य प्रदेश के 6 जिलों को आच्छादित करता बुन्देलखण्ड प्राचीन काल से ही अपनी गौरवपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक और प्राकृतिक महत्त्व के कारण अपनी पहचान बनाये हुए है। खनिज संपदा की दृष्टि से यह क्षेत्र अत्यधिक समृद्ध है। बुंदेलों, चंदेलों और मराठाओं की अमर गाथाओं को, उनके द्वारा बनाये गये किले और मंदिर समूहों की प्राचीरें आज भी जीवंत करती हैं। विविध आयामों को स्वयं में समेटे हुए बुन्देलखण्ड में पर्यटन की असीम संभावनाएं हैं। ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक और प्राकृतिक दृष्टि से अनेक दर्शनीय स्थल यहाँ विद्यमान हैं; जैसे- झाँसी का किला, ग्वालियर का किला, ओरछा का किला और रामराजा मंदिर, पन्ना टाइगर रिजर्व, रानीपुर टाइगर रिजर्व, खजुराहो के मंदिर समूह, चित्रकूट धाम, सोनागिरी, दतिया आदि हाल ही में माननीय प्रधानमंत्री जी द्वारा इस क्षेत्र में पर्यटन विकास पर बल दिया गया। इसके आलोक में उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार दवारा बुन्देलखण्ड को पर्यटन के क्षेत्र में ग्रोथ इंजन बनाने का प्रयास किया जा रहा है। बुन्देलखण्ड गौरव महोत्सव कार्यक्रम भी इसी का हिस्सा है, जिसे 23 जनवरी से 18 फरवरी के बीच उत्तर प्रदेश एक बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र के कई जिलों में मनाया गया। इसके माध्यम से सैलानियों को राजाओं की वीरगाथाओं और प्रकृति के मनमोहक रूप से परिचित का प्रयास किया गया है। घरेलू और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सैलानियों को आकर्षित करने के लिए बुन्देलखण्ड के दर्शनीय स्थलों को बेहतर रेल और हवाई कनेक्टिविटी प्रदान करने के साथ ही सुविधाओं में भी आमूल-चूल सुधार करने की आवश्यकता है। इस क्षेत्र से पलायन की समस्या को समाप्त करने में पर्यटन उद्योग रूपान्तरकारी परिवर्तन लाने में सक्षम है। आवश्यकता यह भी है कि इस क्षेत्र की लोक संस्कृति और गुमनाम ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक और प्राकृतिक स्थलों का व्यापक प्रचार-प्रसार करके वहाँ पर मानक सुविधाओं को स्थापित करते हुए सैलानियों को आकर्षित किया जाए। टूर और ट्रैवल्स कंपनियों को बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र में सैलानियों को लाने के लिए विशेष पैकेज देने की पेशकस करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जा सकता है।.
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