International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management
IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Indexed Quarterly Journal International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering, and Management (IJISEM) is an open-access publication overseen by IJISEM Journals. It is dedicated to fostering the interests of emerging and promising writers. IJISEM endeavors to transcend geographical boundaries by welcoming contributions from professionals and academics worldwide, not limited to India. We thus adopted the term International as our motto and used it in the title of our journal. We are dedicated to fostering innovation and excellence across scientific, engineering, and management disciplines through our commitment to sharing knowledge. The publication focuses on research and intellectual viewpoints in order to achieve this goal. Realistic analysis, interdisciplinary/applied/methodological, empirical evidence production and utilization, critical viewpoint development and policy building work are all welcome in achieving this goal. IJISEM aims to provide a platform for doctoral researchers to showcase their investigations and disseminate their research findings and knowledge to a wider audience. IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering and Management Title IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management Frequency Quarterly (July, October, January and April) ISSN 2583 – 7117 Publication Format Online Chief Editor Dr. Rajesh Gupta Publisher Yogesh Sharma, M.Tech (Industrial Design) Subject Multidisciplinary Published by IJISEM Journals Starting Year 2022 E-Mail editor@ijisem.com Mobile No (+91) 70893666889 Mobile No (+91) 9981622288 Publishing Body AG Publishing House Language Multiple Languages Copyright AG Publishing House Website http://www.ijisem.com/ Address IJISEM Journals 57-First Floor, Susheela Bhawan, Priyadarshini Phase-3, near Meenakshi Planet City, Bagmugaliya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462043
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Preparation and Characterization of Fenoprofen Liposomes for Controlled Drug Delivery Applications
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a liposomal drug delivery system for Fenoprofen HCl to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce associated toxicities. Preformulation studies, including organoleptic evaluation, solubility, melting point, partition coefficient, and λmax determination (270.8 nm), were carried out to establish the physicochemical properties of the drug. Compatibility studies using FTIR confirmed the absence of interactions between the drug and excipients. Liposomes were prepared by the thin film hydration technique using soybean lecithin and stabilizers such as dicetylphosphate and stearylamine. The formulated liposomes were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug entrapment, in vitro drug release, and stability. Among all formulations, F6 exhibited optimal particle size, higher stability (zeta potential −23.4 mV), and sustained drug release behavior. SEM analysis confirmed smooth and uniform vesicle morphology. In vitro release studies indicated controlled drug release following zero-order kinetics and Case II transport mechanism. Stability studies demonstrated that the formulations remained stable over 60 days. Overall, the developed liposomal formulation of Fenoprofen showed improved stability, controlled drug release, and potential for effective management of pain and inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jitendra Yadav, Brajesh Kumar Arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development and Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Assisted Neomycin Microsponge Gel for Sustained Topical Delivery
This study focuses on the formulation, development, and optimization of β-cyclodextrin-based neomycin-loaded microsponge gel for effective topical drug delivery. Preformulation studies confirmed neomycin’s suitable physicochemical properties, including good solubility in polar solvents, acceptable pH, and stability. Microsponge formulations exhibited porous, spherical morphology with nanoscale particle size and high drug entrapment efficiency, with formulation MSF4 showing optimal performance. The prepared gel demonstrated desirable characteristics such as smooth texture, appropriate viscosity, skin-compatible pH, excellent spreadability, and absence of irritation. In vitro drug release followed zero-order kinetics, indicating sustained and controlled release. Antimicrobial studies revealed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Stability studies confirmed minimal changes under various storage conditions. Overall, the optimized β-cyclodextrin-based microsponge gel presents a stable, effective, and promising system for localized treatment of bacterial skin infections with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neeraj Kumar Shah, Brajesh Kumar Arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development and Characterization of Crisaborole-Loaded Liposomal Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Topical and Antibacterial
The present study focuses on the preparation, development, and characterization of a liposphere formulation containing Crisaborole to enhance its solubility, dermal delivery, and antibacterial efficacy. The formulation was developed using the thin-film hydration method with soya lecithin. Pre-formulation studies confirmed suitable physicochemical properties, with a melting point of 131°C, pH 5.3, and λmax at 250 nm, showing good linearity (R² = 0.9951). The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 43.07 nm, zeta potential of -18.0 mV, and high entrapment efficiency (93.48%), indicating stability and uniformity. SEM analysis confirmed spherical morphology. In-vitro drug release followed zero-order and Higuchi kinetics, suggesting controlled diffusion. Stability studies demonstrated minimal changes under refrigerated conditions. The formulation showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli compared to the pure drug. Overall, the developed liposphere system proved to be a promising approach for improved topical delivery and therapeutic effectiveness of Crisaborole.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prabhat Yadav, Brajesh Kumar Arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
खिलाफत और असहयोग आंदोलन: धार्मिक-राजनीतिक एकता और जन-आंदोलन के उदय का समालोचनात्मक अध्ययन
बीसवीं शताब्दी के प्रारंभिक दशकों में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन ने एक महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन का अनुभव किया, जिसमें उसकी प्रकृति अभिजात्य सीमाओं से निकलकर जनआधारित स्वरूप में परिवर्तित हुई। इस परिवर्तन में खिलाफत आंदोलन और असहयोग आंदोलन की संयुक्त भूमिका अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण रही। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन इन दोनों आंदोलनों के ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ, वैचारिक आधार तथा उनके पारस्परिक संबंधों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि धार्मिक और राजनीतिक तत्वों के समन्वय ने भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद को नई दिशा प्रदान की तथा व्यापक जनसहभागिता को सुनिश्चित किया। साथ ही, यह भी पाया गया कि यद्यपि इन आंदोलनों ने हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता को सुदृढ़ किया, तथापि उनके अंतर्विरोधों ने दीर्घकालिक चुनौतियाँ भी उत्पन्न कीं। इस प्रकार, ये आंदोलन भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के विकास में एक महत्वपूर्ण मोड़ का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं।
Copyright (c) 2023 अनुपम मित्र https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन में क्रांतिकारी धारा: विचारधारा, रणनीति और प्रभाव का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन को प्रायः अहिंसात्मक संघर्ष के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है, किंतु इसके समानांतर विकसित क्रांतिकारी धारा ने औपनिवेशिक शासन के विरुद्ध सशस्त्र प्रतिरोध का एक महत्वपूर्ण विकल्प प्रस्तुत किया। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन क्रांतिकारी आंदोलन की ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि, वैचारिक आधार, संगठनात्मक स्वरूप तथा उसके प्रभावों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है। यह स्पष्ट होता है कि क्रांतिकारी धारा केवल हिंसात्मक गतिविधियों तक सीमित नहीं थी, बल्कि इसके पीछे गहन राष्ट्रवादी, सामाजिक और वैचारिक दृष्टिकोण विद्यमान था। इस आंदोलन ने विशेष रूप से युवाओं में साहस, त्याग और राष्ट्रभक्ति की भावना को प्रबल किया। यद्यपि इसकी कुछ सीमाएँ थीं, जैसे संगठनात्मक कमजोरी और सीमित जनाधार, फिर भी इसका मनोवैज्ञानिक और प्रेरणात्मक प्रभाव अत्यंत व्यापक रहा। अध्ययन यह निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत करता है कि क्रांतिकारी धारा ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को एक महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा और वैकल्पिक दृष्टि प्रदान की।
Copyright (c) 2022 अनुपम मित्र https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
1857 का विद्रोह: कारण, स्वरूप और भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद के विकास में इसकी भूमिका का समालोचनात्मक अध्ययन
1857 का विद्रोह भारतीय इतिहास की एक महत्वपूर्ण और बहुआयामी घटना थी, जिसने औपनिवेशिक शासन के विरुद्ध व्यापक असंतोष को संगठित रूप में अभिव्यक्त किया। यह अध्ययन विद्रोह के राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक कारणों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है तथा इसके स्वरूप और प्रभावों को स्पष्ट करता है। विद्रोह में सैनिकों, किसानों, जमींदारों और पारंपरिक शासकों की सहभागिता ने इसे एक व्यापक सामाजिक आंदोलन का रूप दिया, यद्यपि इसमें समन्वित नेतृत्व का अभाव था। अध्ययन यह दर्शाता है कि यह विद्रोह पूर्णतः राष्ट्रवादी नहीं था, फिर भी इसने औपनिवेशिक शासन के विरुद्ध संगठित प्रतिरोध की नींव रखी। इसके परिणामस्वरूप भारतीय समाज में राजनीतिक चेतना का विकास हुआ, जिसने आगे चलकर राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलन को गति प्रदान की।
मध्य प्रदेश में लैंगिक समानता के परिप्रेक्ष्य में बेटी बचाओ बेटी पढ़ाओ अभियान के प्रभाव का समाजशास्त्री अध्ययन
भारतीय समाज में लैंगिक असमानता एक दीर्घकालिक सामाजिक समस्या रही है, जिसमें विशेष रूप से बालिकाओं की शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, सुरक्षा एवं अधिकारों के प्रति भेदभाव स्पष्ट रूप से परिलक्षित होता है। इस संदर्भ में ‘बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ’ (BBBP) अभियान एक महत्वपूर्ण सामाजिक पहल के रूप में उभरा है, जिसका उद्देश्य बालिका भ्रूण हत्या को रोकना, बालिकाओं की शिक्षा को बढ़ावा देना तथा समाज में सकारात्मक लैंगिक दृष्टिकोण विकसित करना है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन मध्य प्रदेश के भोपाल (शहरी) और रायसेन (अर्ध-ग्रामीण) जिलों में इस अभियान के प्रभाव का समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। यह शोध परिमाणात्मक, विवरणात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक प्रकृति का है, जिसमें 500 उत्तरदाताओं से स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक नमूनाकरण के माध्यम से आंकड़े एकत्र किए गए। 5-बिंदु लिकर्ट स्केल आधारित संरचित प्रश्नावली का उपयोग करते हुए जागरूकता, सामाजिक दृष्टिकोण, तथा व्यवहारिक परिवर्तनों का आकलन किया गया। अध्ययन के परिणाम दर्शाते हैं कि अभियान के प्रति व्यापक जागरूकता विकसित हुई है तथा 80 प्रतिशत से अधिक उत्तरदाताओं ने इसे बालिकाओं की शिक्षा, सुरक्षा, आत्मनिर्भरता और लैंगिक समानता को बढ़ावा देने में प्रभावी माना। मीडिया, शैक्षणिक संस्थानों एवं सरकारी कार्यक्रमों की भूमिका इस संदर्भ में महत्वपूर्ण रही। सामाजिक सोच में सकारात्मक परिवर्तन, जैसे बाल विवाह में कमी, बेटियों के प्रति सम्मान में वृद्धि और शिक्षा के प्रति बढ़ती रुचि, स्पष्ट रूप से परिलक्षित हुए हैं। हालाँकि, ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पारंपरिक मान्यताओं, आर्थिक सीमाओं और संसाधनों की कमी के कारण यह परिवर्तन अभी पूर्णतः व्यवहारिक स्तर पर स्थापित नहीं हो पाया है। अतः निष्कर्षतः कहा जा सकता है कि BBBP अभियान ने सामाजिक चेतना को सुदृढ़ आधार प्रदान किया है, परंतु इसके स्थायी प्रभाव हेतु निरंतर क्रियान्वयन, स्थानीय अनुकूलन और व्यापक जनसहभागिता अत्यंत आवश्यक है।.
Copyright (c) 2026 उषा वैद्य, लक्ष्मी ठाकुर https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Vitiation of Consent in Digital Contracts: A Critical Analysis of Cyber Fraud, Misrepresentation, and Online Financial Scams under Sections 17 and 18 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872”
The dynamic nature of the digital transaction has had a strong impact on establishing new contractual relationships, which is associated with difficult legal questions about consent validity. This review paper examines the concept of vitiation of consent in digital contracts with specific reference to fraud and misrepresentation under Sections 17 and 18 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. It discusses the history of e-contracts, their key components and other types including click-wrap, browse- wrap and email contracts. The paper underscores the distortion of free consent in the virtual world by cyber fraud, online money scams, and malicious online practices. By analyzing existing legal provisions, including the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the paper identifies gaps in addressing emerging digital risks. An analysis of current literature also demonstrates the lack of proper consumer protection and enforcement procedures. The paper highlights that more powerful regulatory frameworks and greater awareness is needed to promote fair, transparent, and legally valid digital contracting practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Runjhun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
जैविक कृषि पद्धतियों के प्रति किसानों की धारणा और दृष्टिकोण
वर्तमान अध्ययन का उद्देश्य जैविक कृषि पद्धतियों के प्रति किसानों की धारणा, जागरूकता एवं दृष्टिकोण का विश्लेषण करना तथा इन कारकों का जैविक कृषि अपनाने के स्तर पर प्रभाव का परीक्षण करना है। यह अध्ययन सर्वेक्षण आधारित एवं मात्रात्मक प्रकृति का है, जिसमें संरचित प्रश्नावली के माध्यम से 236 किसानों से प्राथमिक आंकड़े संकलित किए गए। अध्ययन में सामाजिक-आर्थिक विशेषताएँ, जैविक कृषि संबंधी जागरूकता, किसानों की धारणा, दृष्टिकोण तथा जैविक कृषि अपनाने के स्तर को प्रमुख चरों के रूप में शामिल किया गया। आंकड़ों के विश्लेषण हेतु आवृत्ति, प्रतिशत, वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी, सहसंबंध तथा ANOVA परीक्षण का उपयोग किया गया। परिणामों से ज्ञात हुआ कि किसानों में जैविक कृषि के स्वास्थ्य एवं पर्यावरणीय लाभों के प्रति सकारात्मक धारणा विद्यमान है। सहसंबंध विश्लेषण ने सामाजिक-आर्थिक विशेषताओं एवं धारणा तथा जागरूकता एवं दृष्टिकोण के मध्य महत्वपूर्ण सकारात्मक संबंध को दर्शाया। साथ ही, विश्लेषण से यह भी स्पष्ट हुआ कि किसानों की धारणा जैविक कृषि अपनाने के स्तर को महत्वपूर्ण रूप से प्रभावित करती है। अध्ययन यह संकेत करता है कि जागरूकता, सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण एवं संस्थागत सहयोग जैविक कृषि के प्रसार में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं और सतत कृषि विकास को प्रोत्साहित कर सकते हैं।
Copyright (c) 2026 विजयश्री मालवीय, सीताराम हर्णे https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Economics in the Indian Knowledge System: A Philosophical Survey
The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) presents a comprehensive and integrative framework in which economic thought is deeply embedded within ethical, philosophical, and socio-cultural dimensions. This paper undertakes a philosophical survey of economics in IKS, examining how classical Indian traditions conceptualize economic life not merely as a material pursuit but as an ethically regulated and socially oriented activity. Drawing upon foundational sources such as the Vedas, Upaniṣads, Arthaśāstra, Dharmaśāstras, and Buddhist and Jain texts, the study explores key principles including Dharma as a moral regulator, Artha as a legitimate yet subordinate aim, and the broader Purushārtha framework guiding human life. Through a qualitative and interpretative methodology, the paper analyzes themes such as welfare orientation, distributive justice, state intervention, sustainability, and moral economy, highlighting their relevance in contrast to modern neoclassical economics, which often prioritizes individual utility maximization and market efficiency. The study further engages in a comparative evaluation, demonstrating that Indian economic thought aligns more closely with contemporary approaches such as welfare economics, ecological economics, and capability theory. By situating economic activity within a normative and holistic worldview, IKS offers an alternative paradigm that emphasizes balance between material prosperity, ethical responsibility, and environmental sustainability. The paper concludes that revisiting Indian economic philosophy can contribute meaningfully to addressing present-day global challenges, including inequality, ecological crises, and ethical deficits in economic systems, thereby enriching contemporary economic discourse with culturally grounded and philosophically robust insights.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sanjay Kumar Tiwari, Vijay Kumar Tiwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phishing Website Detection: A Systematic Review of URL-Based and Deep Learning Approaches
Phishing websites have reached to be one of the most important cybersecurity threats in the digital ecosystem. They achieve this through impersonating reputed online services and through this technique, they get hold of the username, password, bank details, and even personal identification data of an unsuspecting user. The successful phishing attacks might lead to financial destruction, losing one's identity, privacy invasion, and the organization suffering from a bad reputation. The application of traditional phishing detection methods such as blacklists and rule-based heuristics has not been very effective, especially with the newly-created and fast- changing phishing websites. The development of deep learning (DL) has helped to a great extent in the improvement of the phishing detection systems because it has allowed for automated feature learning, better generalization, and real-time classification. The discussion on URL feature–based phishing detection is gaining traction and is being considered due to its minimal processing requirements, the possibility of being available at an early stage and thus being suitable for real-time deployment. Unlike the content-based or behavior-based detection methods, the URL-based method does not necessitate webpage rendering or external queries thus making it very efficient for browser and network-level security. This paper reviews and presents a detailed systematic analysis of deep learning–based real-time phishing website detection systems that utilize URL features. Its focus is on the evolution of phishing detection methods, URL feature representations, deep learning architectures, as well as system-level considerations. Furthermore, the paper discusses key challenges such as zero-day attacks, adversarial manipulation, concept drift, and model interpretability, while highlighting promising future research directions. By consolidating existing research into a structured review, this work aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners working in intelligent cybersecurity systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pratik Ahirwar, Anurag Shrivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bio-Inspired Algorithmic Framework for AdaptiveFaçade Design in Energy-Efficient Architecture
The construction sector is one of the largest contributors to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. High thermal losses and over-reliance on mechanical heating or cooling systems are due to the frequent failure of traditional facades to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Inspired by natural systems such as the thermic cooling of plant leaves and the responsive structure of pine trees, this study provides an algorithmic bio-inspired framework for adaptive building facade design. The framework optimizes the geometry of the facade and the material response to occupancy dynamics, temperature, and sunlight, combining evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, and morphogenetic principles. Conventional methods, because of their rigid control logic, often fail to strike the right balance between performance, comfort, and aesthetics. To achieve a dynamic balance between energy consumption and indoor comfort, the proposed framework will introduce an adaptive, self-organising mechanism that continuously changes the elements of the facade in real time. Computational simulations using parametric modelling and energy-use analysis tools shall be performed to evaluate metrics like temperature comfort index (PMI), solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), daylight autonomy (DA), and energy use intensity (EUI).
Copyright (c) 2026 Akkinapalli Vikram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Agency And AI: Can Machines Bear Rights And Responsibilities
Significant ethical and legal concerns regarding agency, rights, and responsibilities are brought up by the quick development of artificial intelligence (AI). Legal systems around the world are debating whether AI systems should have legal personhood or continue to be merely instruments of human agents as they become more autonomous. This essay examines the developing legal debate surrounding AI agency, the viability of giving AI systems legal rights, and the ramifications of holding them responsible for their deeds. Using current legal frameworks, philosophical viewpoints, and technological realities, this study critically assesses whether AI can or should have rights and responsibilities, as well as the circumstances in which this recognition might take place.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shradda Tomar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biotechnology And Patent Laws: Indian And International Perspective
Innovations in biotechnology have transformed the scientific landscape, bringing forth groundbreaking advancements that have significant implications for healthcare, agriculture, and industry. This paper provides a critical examination of the relationship between biotechnology and patent law, exploring the ethical and legal challenges associated with the patenting of genetic material, bioengineered organisms, and therapeutic techniques. By conducting a thorough analysis of pertinent case law, legislative changes, and international viewpoints, this research aims to illuminate the fragile balance between promoting innovation and guaranteeing fair access to biotechnological advancements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Astha Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Detecting Greenwashing through Artificial Intelligence: Methods and Challenges
Greenwashing has become one of the critical issues in the age of sustainability-driven business communication, in which companies might overestimate or misreport their environmental performance. The paper is a review of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to detect greenwashing through a recent development in machine learning, natural language processing, and large language models. It notes some of the major methods including sentiment analysis, topic modeling, knowledge graphs and cross-source data validation in the process of identifying deceptive sustainability claims. The paper also looks at new technologies such as retrieval augmented generation and multimodal AI systems to have comprehensive ESG evaluation. Moreover, the paper presents the key challenges, such as data quality issues, absence of standardized datasets, model interpretability, and the dynamic nature of sustainability language. Literature review shows that AI-based detection is in its nascent stage with limited research. Generally, the paper highlights the importance of transparent, strong, and ethically sound AI frameworks to enhance the level of credibility in sustainability reporting.
ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance)
Copyright (c) 2026 Aman Vishnoi, Anjani Singh Chauhan, Mohammad Iftekhar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Explainable Quantum-Optimized Efficient Net Framework For Multi-Class Disaster Image Classification
Disaster detection needs to happen accurately and instantly because it helps to reduce human deaths and financial losses and environmental destruction. Satellite remote sensing and artificial intelligence advancements have created better systems which can automatically identify disasters through their analysis of extensive satellite imagery. Deep learning disaster detection systems function as black-box systems which restrict their ability to operate in emergency situations because decision-makers cannot understand their functioning. The research presents a deep learning system which combines explainability with quantum-enhanced efficiency to classify multiple disaster types through image analysis. The system uses EfficientNetB0 to extract features with high efficiency while using a quantum-inspired metaheuristic algorithm to select the best features and multiple Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods which include Grad-CAM Saliency Maps and LIME. The proposed system is trained and evaluated on the Comprehensive Disaster Dataset (CDD) introduced by Niloy et al., comprising flood, wildfire, earthquake damage, landslide, urban fire, and non-disaster classes. The experimental assessment shows that the proposed system reaches 98.4% classification accuracy while maintaining high precision and recall and F1-score performance across all disaster categories. The model uses XAI techniques to provide visual and instance-level understanding of its predictions because the model needs to show how disaster features impact its outcomes. Comparative analysis indicates superior performance and improved explainability over recent deep learning–based disaster detection systems. The results confirm that combining quantum-based feature optimization with explainable deep learning enhances both predictive performance and operational trust, making the framework suitable for real-world disaster management and emergency response systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samiksha Bharti, Bappaditya Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrating Deep CNN Features with Classical Statistical Regression for Interpretable and Uncertainty-Aware Image Classification
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve state-of-the-art performance in image classification tasks, particularly in medical imaging. However, their limited interpretability and lack of formal statistical inference restrict their adoption in high-stakes clinical and regulatory settings. This study proposes a hybrid two-stage framework integrating CNN-derived embeddings with classical statistical regression models to produce interpretable prediction systems with valid confidence intervals. Using a publicly available chest X-ray dataset, deep features extracted from a fine-tuned ResNet architecture were incorporated into logistic and mixed-effects regression models. Bootstrap resampling and permutation testing were employed to quantify uncertainty and compare model performance. Results demonstrate that the hybrid framework maintains competitive predictive accuracy while enabling estimation of odds ratios, hypothesis testing, and calibrated probability outputs. This integration bridges modern deep learning with classical statistical methodology and provides a pathway toward transparent and trustworthy AI deployment
Copyright (c) 2026 Lalit Kumar Rawat, Anil Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The E-Commerce Experience Trap: Psychological Effects of Online Shopping on Generation Z
The emergence of e-commerce platforms has largely changed the level of consumer buying behavior especially the generation Z consumers who are heavily concentrated in the digital world. Interactive capabilities, which have been actively used on online shopping platforms in recent years, are personalized recommendations, influencer marketing, flash sales, and targeted advertisements, to increase user engagement and output buying. Although these solutions enhance convenience and accessibility, they can also form what can be termed as the E-Commerce Experience Trap where consumers fall into a psychological trap of being driven by design and persuasion mechanism of online shopping settings. In this review paper, the psychological impacts of online shopping on Generation Z are analyzed considering the critical factors driving this phenomenon, which include emotional triggers, fear of missing out (FOMO), social proof, personalization algorithm, and instant gratification. Other aspects examined in the study include the impact of social media and influencer marketing on consumer decision-making. Through synthesis of the available literature, the review points out the opportunities and threats linked to immersive e-commerce experiences and stresses on the necessity of responsible digital marketing and enhanced consumer awareness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deepak Bisht, Puskar Negi, Atul Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect Of Online Reviews And Social Media Recommendations On Consumer Purchase Decisions
Purchasing behaviour among consumers has been overhauled by the high rate at which digital technologies and social networking platforms are evolving. This paper investigates the impact of the online reviews and social media recommendations on consumers buying decisions through a descriptive and analytical research methodology based on secondary data collected. The analysis will be organized on a standardized set of 100 digital purchase cases to investigate the relative role of various sources of information, review valence, decision-making stages, and social media types of influence. The results showed that online reviews can and do have the greatest impact on the decision to buy, then social media recommendations, and finally, traditional advertising has a relatively weak influence. Favorable reviews greatly improve the probability of buying and unfavourable reviews discourage consumers to carry out the purchases. It is also found that digital recommendations have the most significant influence on the information search and evaluation phases of the consumer decision-making process. The endorsement of influencers and peer recommendations is more convincing compared to brand-created content, which speaks of the need to be credible and authentic in digital communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nupur Srivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Consumer Attitude Towards Social Media Advertising And Its Impact On Buying Behaviour
The fast advancement of digital technology has brought a lot of change to the marketing practice as social media has become one of the major advertising platforms. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the consumer attitude regarding social media advertising and the effects of advertising on purchasing behaviour. The academic analytical results are based on assessing consumer exposure to social media advertisements, their attitudes to social media advertising, the degree of impact on purchase decisions, and the degree to which the advertisement elicits actual buying behaviour using a sample size of 120 observations. The results suggest that most of the consumers are often exposed to the social media adverts and have a positive attitude towards the adverts. Also, social media advertisement shows a significant impact on the choice of purchases and real purchase behaviour. The research is conclusive that the consumer attitude towards social media advertising is a major influence on the purchase intention and buying behaviour and consequently, the social media is an effective strategic marketing instrument in the current digital market.
बुन्देलखण्ड के प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल एवं पर्यटन क्षेत्र में संभावनाएं
भौगोलिक दृष्टि से बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र का विस्तार उत्तर प्रदेश के साथ ही मध्य प्रदेश में भी है। उत्तर प्रदेश के 7 और मध्य प्रदेश के 6 जिलों को आच्छादित करता बुन्देलखण्ड प्राचीन काल से ही अपनी गौरवपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक और प्राकृतिक महत्त्व के कारण अपनी पहचान बनाये हुए है। खनिज संपदा की दृष्टि से यह क्षेत्र अत्यधिक समृद्ध है। बुंदेलों, चंदेलों और मराठाओं की अमर गाथाओं को, उनके द्वारा बनाये गये किले और मंदिर समूहों की प्राचीरें आज भी जीवंत करती हैं। विविध आयामों को स्वयं में समेटे हुए बुन्देलखण्ड में पर्यटन की असीम संभावनाएं हैं। ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक और प्राकृतिक दृष्टि से अनेक दर्शनीय स्थल यहाँ विद्यमान हैं; जैसे- झाँसी का किला, ग्वालियर का किला, ओरछा का किला और रामराजा मंदिर, पन्ना टाइगर रिजर्व, रानीपुर टाइगर रिजर्व, खजुराहो के मंदिर समूह, चित्रकूट धाम, सोनागिरी, दतिया आदि हाल ही में माननीय प्रधानमंत्री जी द्वारा इस क्षेत्र में पर्यटन विकास पर बल दिया गया। इसके आलोक में उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार दवारा बुन्देलखण्ड को पर्यटन के क्षेत्र में ग्रोथ इंजन बनाने का प्रयास किया जा रहा है। बुन्देलखण्ड गौरव महोत्सव कार्यक्रम भी इसी का हिस्सा है, जिसे 23 जनवरी से 18 फरवरी के बीच उत्तर प्रदेश एक बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र के कई जिलों में मनाया गया। इसके माध्यम से सैलानियों को राजाओं की वीरगाथाओं और प्रकृति के मनमोहक रूप से परिचित का प्रयास किया गया है। घरेलू और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सैलानियों को आकर्षित करने के लिए बुन्देलखण्ड के दर्शनीय स्थलों को बेहतर रेल और हवाई कनेक्टिविटी प्रदान करने के साथ ही सुविधाओं में भी आमूल-चूल सुधार करने की आवश्यकता है। इस क्षेत्र से पलायन की समस्या को समाप्त करने में पर्यटन उद्योग रूपान्तरकारी परिवर्तन लाने में सक्षम है। आवश्यकता यह भी है कि इस क्षेत्र की लोक संस्कृति और गुमनाम ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक और प्राकृतिक स्थलों का व्यापक प्रचार-प्रसार करके वहाँ पर मानक सुविधाओं को स्थापित करते हुए सैलानियों को आकर्षित किया जाए। टूर और ट्रैवल्स कंपनियों को बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र में सैलानियों को लाने के लिए विशेष पैकेज देने की पेशकस करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जा सकता है।.
Copyright (c) 2026 रंजीत कुमार, पवन कुमार https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The relationship between menopausal experiences and psychological well-being, and the moderating role of socio-cultural factors for women in Sri Lanka.(A review of the literature)
“How menopause expresses itself in your body can depend upon genetics; lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, and reproductive history; and influences like weight/BMI, climate, socio-economic status, and even cultural beliefs and attitudes around menopause” (Haver, M.C. 2025). According to Dr. Haver, menopause is not only a natural reproductive phenomenon. It is a critical transition in a woman’s life, often accompanied by profound psychological and emotional challenges such as depression, anxiety, and stress. While global literature has explored these mental health aspects extensively, there is a noticeable gap in research focused on the experiences of women in Sri Lanka. This review paper examines the psychological impact of menopause worldwide and the unique socio-cultural context of Sri Lankan society. For this review, a narrative literature review methodology was used. Relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2005 and 2025 were identified through database searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords related to menopause, psychological well-being, depression, anxiety, stress, and socio-cultural factors. Articles relevant to South Asian and Sri Lankan women were prioritized. It discusses the research background, methodologies, findings, and recommendations through a literature review. Furthermore, this paper examines how the existing Sri Lankan literature on cultural beliefs, family dynamics, social expectations, and access to healthcare influences women's experiences and management of menopausal symptoms. The paper highlights significant gaps in the local literature, including the culturally adapted mental health assessments and limited public awareness. Drawing on international and regional studies, the review highlights the importance of culturally sensitive mental health services, awareness campaigns, and inclusive healthcare policies. By contextualizing menopause in Sri Lanka, this paper provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to enhance the psychological well-being of menopausal women in the country.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samanthika Chathurani Rupasinghe, Shahnaz Sheibani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A review on Machine Learning Approaches for Identifying and Preventing Cyber Attacks
The dynamic nature of cyber threats has brought in the need to come up with intelligent and adaptive security measures other than the conventional rule-based systems. Machine Learning (ML) has become a ground-breaking method to detect and prevent cyber attacks allowing recognition of patterns, detecting anomalies, and predictive threat analysis with the use of automated machines. The review paper presents an in-depth analysis of ML methods deployed to resolve cybersecurity issues, such as supervised, unsupervised, and deep-learning models, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and ensemble models. The paper examines how they have been used to detect various cyber threats, including DDoS, malware, phishing, ransomware, attacks on IoT, and attacks on the supply chain. In addition, the paper also surveys the latest literature, benchmark datasets, assessment metrics, and comparison of the performance of the current models. The major challenges, such as data imbalance, adversarial manipulation, model bias, privacy concerns, and scalability issues, are also presented. The review identifies the recent progress and specifies the research prospects to enhance more resilient and adaptive cybersecurity infrastructure based on ML.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ujjawal Valiya, Deepak Kumar Gupta, Archana Jain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Social Sustainability in Hospitality: Transgender Inclusion as a Pathway to Sustainable Development
The article discussed the Social Sustainability in Hospitality: Transgender Inclusion as a Pathway to Sustainable Development, and as the author remarks, inclusive institutional practices can lead to long-term social equity in the hospitality sector. Based on the analysis of interdisciplinary literature, policy framework, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the paper examines the historical marginalization of transgender communities, the changing status of legal recognition, diversity management practices, and HRM strategies. The results show that the concept of social sustainability reaches past the environmental and economic aspects to privacy, equity and institutional responsibility. In spite of progressive laws and organizational efforts, systemic barriers, stigmatization, and implementation do not allow being successfully included meaningfully. Considering the service nature and people-oriented nature of the hospitality industry, it has a transformative potential in terms of promoting gender justice by formulating inclusive policies, sensitizing, and by facilitating enabling workplace cultures. By aligning diversity management with SDGs, and especially Goals 5, 10 and 16, social cohesion will be enhanced and equitable participation ensured. The review highlights the importance of institutionalizing gender-heterogeneous identities on the governance frameworks of hospitality system as a means of sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjit Kumar, Monika Singh, GK Sreenivasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Review on Effect of Geometric Parameter of Shell and Tube on PCM In Latent Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal energy storage is crucial for balancing energy demand and supply, maintaining system stability, and enhancing the utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources. Phase Change Material (PCM)-based thermal energy storage has significant potential to meet large-scale energy demands while providing economic and environmental benefits. This paper reviews research focused on improving heat transfer between PCM and hot fluid in shell and tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) units. It concludes that in LTES systems with multiple Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) tubes, heat transfer can be enhanced by orienting the tubes in an upward and downward V shape. Additionally, incorporating various fin shapes increases the PCM melting rate. Splitting a single inner tube into multiple tubes also improves heat transfer efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shivendra Singh, Md. Zaid Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Influence Of Social Media Influencers On Tourism Choices And Hotel Bookings
The rapid growth of digital technology and social media platforms has had a great influence on the marketing practice in the tourism and hospitality sector. This is a review paper that focuses on how social media influencers (SMIs) affect tourism decisions and hotel booking behavior through the synthesis of previous studies and analytical research. The research examines the concept and the role of the influencers, the rise of the influencer marketing as a sub-discipline in the tourism sector, and its effect on the destination image development, travel intentions, and accommodation selection. Results suggest that influencer credibility, authenticity, style of communication, and brand alignment have a significant impact on consumer perceptions and interest, especially in Millennials and Generation Z, whereas platform-specific and psychological variables are emotional connection and FOMO, which further boost travel motivation. Nevertheless, the fact that booking-decisions are still affected by the price, location, and online-reviews. The review concludes that it is necessary to have transparent, strategically formulated and value-compliant influencer partnerships that can improve tourism demand, hotel bookings and the sustainable competitive advantage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjit Kumar, Ayush Saxena, Aastha Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Management Study of Employee Retention Practices in Baloda Bazar-Bhatapara, Chhattisgarh with special Reference to Shree Cement
Organizational stability is critical for bolstering India's road to self-sufficient growth, particularly in the growing manufacturing sector. Employee retention is critical in this process since keeping skilled and experienced staff improves workforce continuity, productivity, and long-term competitiveness while reducing operational disruptions. This study looks at staff retention techniques at Shree Cement in Baloda Bazar-Bhatpara, Chhattisgarh, and evaluates their impact on organizational stability. A descriptive research design was used, with primary data from 150 employees obtained via structured questionnaires, supplemented by secondary information from journals, corporate reports, and published literature. The findings indicate that salary, opportunities for growth, training, and a supportive work environment all have a major impact on employee retention and organizational stability. A strong positive association was found between successful retention tactics and organizational performance, demonstrating that employee-centric HR policies reduce turnover and increase stability. The study indicates that strategic employee retention promotes both long-term organizational success and India's overall goal of self-reliance by increasing human capital and industrial resilience, while also providing practical recommendations for improving retention methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Simran Chawla, Sharad Kumar Dewangan, Ashok Verma, Rohan Agrawal, Dr. Bhavar Singh Porte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Factors Influencing the Use of Selected Medicinal Plants Endorsed by Government Programs
This study examines the factors influencing the use of selected medicinal plants endorsed by government programs. Using a survey methodology, data were collected from 260 respondents through a structured questionnaire comprising demographic information and statements measured on a five-point Likert scale. The study investigates awareness levels, government initiatives, adoption behavior, and perceived effectiveness of medicinal plants. Descriptive statistics revealed moderate to strong awareness and positive perceptions regarding government-promoted plants, while ANOVA and correlation analyses demonstrated significant relationships between awareness, government initiatives, perceived effectiveness, and actual usage. Awareness levels and perceived effectiveness significantly impacted the adoption of medicinal plants, and government initiatives showed a very strong positive association with utilization patterns. The findings highlight the importance of awareness campaigns, accessibility, and effective policy measures in promoting the use of medicinal plants for preventive and general healthcare. The study provides insights for policymakers and health authorities to enhance public engagement with government-endorsed medicinal plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Madhu Dubey Swarnkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Over the past decade, the growth of eSports in India has been remarkable, driven by the expansion of competitive gaming cultures, the penetration of the internet, and technological advancements. This paper explores the factors contributing to the rapid expansion of the eSports ecosystem in India, including the proliferation of affordable smartphones, the impact of government initiatives, and the role of private investments. It examines the key stakeholders such as players, game developers, sponsors, and tournament organizers, and how their collaboration has fostered a vibrant gaming community. The study also examines how eSports has created new avenues for employment, ranging from professional gamers to content creators, tournament organizers, and gaming analysts. It sheds light on how this growth has engaged India’s youth, provided them with alternative career paths, and fostered a competitive environment. Moreover, the research explores the role of eSports in enhancing India’s digital economy and its potential to contribute to global eSports revenues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Satish Manwani, Abhishek Jain, Pankaj Sharma, Sahil Patel, Shivam Agrawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Psychological Ownership And Its Influence On Employee Commitment
This study explores the concept of psychological ownership and its influence on employee commitment and engagement in organizations. Psychological ownership refers to the sense of possession and personal attachment that employees feel toward their work and organization. A survey-based research method was used, collecting data from 350 employees through a structured questionnaire. The analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation, and ANOVA to examine relationships and impacts. Findings revealed that employees generally exhibit a moderate to high level of psychological ownership, which is significantly related to both employee commitment and engagement. Psychological ownership was found to have a strong positive effect on engagement, and engaged employees demonstrated higher levels of commitment. These results indicate that fostering psychological ownership can enhance employee involvement, motivation, and loyalty, contributing to organizational effectiveness. The study emphasizes the importance of strategies that encourage ownership and emotional connection among employees for sustained organizational success.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunil Jagannath Ghadge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0