International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management
IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Indexed Quarterly Journal International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering, and Management (IJISEM) is an open-access publication overseen by IJISEM Journals. It is dedicated to fostering the interests of emerging and promising writers. IJISEM endeavors to transcend geographical boundaries by welcoming contributions from professionals and academics worldwide, not limited to India. We thus adopted the term International as our motto and used it in the title of our journal. We are dedicated to fostering innovation and excellence across scientific, engineering, and management disciplines through our commitment to sharing knowledge. The publication focuses on research and intellectual viewpoints in order to achieve this goal. Realistic analysis, interdisciplinary/applied/methodological, empirical evidence production and utilization, critical viewpoint development and policy building work are all welcome in achieving this goal. IJISEM aims to provide a platform for doctoral researchers to showcase their investigations and disseminate their research findings and knowledge to a wider audience. IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering and Management Title IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management Frequency Quarterly (July, October, January and April) ISSN 2583 – 7117 Publication Format Online Chief Editor Dr. Rajesh Gupta Publisher Yogesh Sharma, M.Tech (Industrial Design) Subject Multidisciplinary Published by IJISEM Journals Starting Year 2022 E-Mail editor@ijisem.com Mobile No (+91) 70893666889 Mobile No (+91) 9981622288 Publishing Body AG Publishing House Language Multiple Languages Copyright AG Publishing House Website http://www.ijisem.com/ Address IJISEM Journals 57-First Floor, Susheela Bhawan, Priyadarshini Phase-3, near Meenakshi Planet City, Bagmugaliya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462043
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Development of Intelligent Solar Panel Cleaning Robot for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
A critical factor degrading solar panel efficiency is the soiling effect the accumulation of dust, particulate matter, bird droppings, and environmental debris on the anti-reflective coating of PV modules. Such optical obstruction significantly attenuates incident photon irradiance, leading to power generation losses of up to 30% in arid and semi-arid regions. Conventional manual cleaning interventions are labor-intensive, hazardous, and highly water-inefficient, highlighting the critical need for automated alternatives. This research presents the design, development, and validation of an intelligent, autonomous, and resource efficient robotic cleaning system tailored for inclined PV arrays. The proposed architecture utilizes a low-cost, high efficiency processing unit Arduino integrated with a customized wheeled chassis optimized for the tilt angles of standard PV installations. Navigation and spatial boundary recognition are governed by an advanced array of ultrasonic and infrared (IR) edge-detection sensors, ensuring strict adherence to the panel perimeter and preventing catastrophic falls. The electro-mechanical cleaning mechanism employs a continuous rotary brush coupled with a dry-wipe methodology, drastically reducing water consumption. Experimental validation conducted on a specialized test rig demonstrates robust edge detection under varying ambient light conditions and reliable locomotion on inclinations up to 25 degrees. Comparative analysis of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics before and after automated cleaning revealed a substantial recovery in PV power output, validating the system's efficacy. Ultimately, this autonomous robotic paradigm presents a scalable, cost-effective solution for large-scale solar farms, substantially improving the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) while mitigating operational hazards and resource wastage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tirth kumar Hitendrabhai Patel, Nisarg Nishith kumar Parekh, Sahil kumar Dineshbhai Parmar, Pritkumar Patel, Apexa Purohit, Mayur Chavda, Mayank Dev Singh, Jai Bahadur Balwanshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Implementation of an IoT-Based 4-DOF Wi-Fi Controlled Robotic Arm using ESP32 and Blynk Cloud
The rapid evolution of Industry 4.0 has necessitated the development of highly adaptable, remotely operable cyber-physical systems. Among these, robotic manipulators play a pivotal role in handling hazardous materials, precision manufacturing, and remote intervention tasks. This research presents the comprehensive design, mathematical modeling, and implementation of a 4-Degree of Freedom (4-DOF) robotic arm integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. Utilizing the high-performance, dual-core ESP32 microcontroller, the system overcomes the traditional spatial limitations of localized Radio Frequency (RF) and Bluetooth controllers by leveraging Wi-Fi connectivity to achieve global remote teleoperation. Actuation is achieved through a network of precision servo motors, carefully calibrated via high-resolution Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals generated by the ESP32. The user interface is deployed via the Blynk Cloud platform, establishing a low-latency, bidirectional MQTT/HTTP communication bridge between a smartphone application and the physical hardware. The primary objectives of this study are to evaluate the latency constraints of cloud-based robotics, formulate the Forward Kinematics utilizing Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) parameters, and validate the mechanical reliability of a low-cost 4-DOF manipulator under varying network conditions. Experimental results demonstrate a highly responsive system with an average network latency of less than 45 milliseconds on standard high-speed broadband, alongside excellent joint interpolation and repeatable end-effector positioning. Ultimately, this research provides a scalable, cost-effective framework for educational, laboratory, and lightweight industrial remote manipulation, effectively demonstrating the convergence of IoT cloud architecture and mechanical actuation
Copyright (c) 2026 Nayak Tarunkumar Kiritbhai, Sujit Rohit, Naitik Patel, Jogesh Chaudhari, Ashish Pandey, Apexa Purohit, Mayur Chavda, Patel Het Bhikhabhai, Kachhiya Nirav Pravinbhai, Mayank Dev Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Development of Flexible Soft Robotic Grippers for Safe and Adaptive Human-Robot Interaction
The rapid paradigm shift from rigid industrial automation to human-centered collaborative robotics necessitates the development of intrinsically safe end-effectors. Conventional rigid robotic grippers, while highly accurate and capable of exerting immense forces, inherently lack the compliance required for the safe manipulation of delicate, unstructured, or topologically complex objects. This inflexibility poses significant risks in sensitive operational environments such as agricultural harvesting, advanced healthcare, and direct human-robot collaboration scenarios. This research presents the comprehensive design, material formulation, fabrication, and empirical validation of a highly adaptive, multi-appendage soft robotic gripper engineered from hyperelastic silicone elastomers. The primary objective is to engineer a compliant grasping mechanism capable of conforming to irregular geometries through regulated pneumatic actuation. The methodology leverages high-fidelity 3D-printed negative molds manufactured via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), into which Eco-Flex 00-30 a platinum-catalyzed silicone elastomer is cast. By embedding a strain-limiting cloth layer at the base of the fluidic network, isotropic volumetric expansion is constrained, translating pneumatic internal pressure into controlled, directional bending trajectories. Extensive testing utilizing a customized pneumatic control interface, adapted from a sphygmomanometer system, demonstrates the gripper's capacity to safely encapsulate and lift fragile objects without inflicting localized stress fractures or surface abrasions. The proposed prototype, developed at an exceptionally low material cost of ₹10,100, offers a highly scalable and economically viable alternative to traditional rigid kinematics. The successful execution of this soft pneumatic network (Pneu-Net) architecture underlines a critical advancement in scalable automation for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and sets a foundational framework for future iterations incorporating closed-loop tactile feedback.
Copyright (c) 2026 Divyansh Thakur, Kairav Parmar, Chiranjeev Rana, Apexa Purohit, Mayur Chavda, Mayank Dev Singh, Jai Bahadur Balwanshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Development of a Robotic System for Agricultural Pesticide Spraying
The global agricultural sector is facing an unprecedented convergence of challenges, driven by a rapidly expanding global population, acute labor shortages, and the pressing need for environmentally sustainable farming practices. Traditional pesticide application methods are notoriously inefficient, heavily reliant on manual labor, and expose farmworkers to severe acute and chronic health hazards due to continuous chemical exposure. To address these critical issues, this research presents the design, development, and rigorous field evaluation of a smart, autonomous, four-wheel-drive (4WD) robotic system engineered specifically for targeted agricultural pesticide spraying and real-time environmental monitoring. The proposed robotic platform integrates a high-torque 4WD locomotion architecture, controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller, ensuring robust navigation and maneuverability across uneven and muddy agricultural terrains. A comprehensive suite of environmental sensors including ultrasonic sensors for dynamic obstacle avoidance, and soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors for real-time crop health assessment is seamlessly integrated into the control loop. The primary actuation system features a highly optimized, relay-controlled 12V diaphragm pump linked to strategically positioned atomizing nozzles, enabling precision fluid distribution tailored to the specific spatial requirements of the crop canopy. Field testing and comprehensive empirical evaluations demonstrated exceptional performance metrics. The robotic system achieved an 85% operational efficiency rate compared to the 60% efficiency typical of conventional manual spraying operations. Furthermore, the implementation of this robotic solution drastically reduced labor dependency, compressing the requirement from an average of three to four manual workers down to a single supervisory operator. Crucially, the occupational safety index was substantially elevated from a baseline rating of 4 (indicative of high exposure risk) to a rating of 9, effectively neutralizing the risk of hazardous chemical exposure. Ultimately, this research delivers a highly scalable, cost-effective, and operationally viable technological intervention, directly contributing to the advancement of precision agriculture and the safeguarding of rural farming communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shalomi Shaileshkumar Parmar, Soni Sahil Chiragkumar, Patel Sujalkumar, Chauhan Harshkumar, Ms. Apexa Purohit, Mayur Chavda, Mayank Dev Singh, Jai Bahadur Balwanshi4 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Development of Gesture Controlled Robotic Arm
The integration of intuitive human-machine interfaces into industrial and assistive robotics represents a significant frontier in automation engineering. Traditional control mechanisms, such as teach pendants, joysticks, and automated pre-programmed sequences, often present steep learning curves and lack the dexterity required for dynamic, unstructured environments. This research paper delineates the design, development, kinematic modeling, and performance evaluation of a high-dexterity, gesture-controlled robotic arm. The core objective is to establish a seamless, real-time control system that maps human hand kinematics directly to a multi degree-of-freedom (DOF) mechanical manipulator. The methodology hinges on a master-slave architectural paradigm. The master subsystem comprises an ergonomic sensor glove integrated with Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) based Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), specifically the MPU6050, and flex sensors to capture complex spatial orientations and finger actuations. Signal processing, including Kalman filtering to mitigate drift and noise, is executed via an ATmega328P microcontroller. Data transmission utilizes low latency 2.4 GHz NRF24L01 transceivers, ensuring wireless fidelity. The slave unit reconstructs the spatial data using inverse kinematics equations to drive a 5-DOF articulated robotic manipulator equipped with high-torque MG996R servo motors. Empirical evaluations reveal a system latency of less than 45 milliseconds and an angular positional accuracy of 94.2% across dynamic operational ranges. The resultant prototype demonstrates substantial viability for deployment in hazardous material handling, telesurgery, and advanced manufacturing settings, bridging the gap between natural human biomechanics and robust robotic actuation..
Copyright (c) 2026 Prashant Sharma, Jay Limbachiya, Dhruv P More, Harshgiri Bhaveshgiri Goswami, Apexa Purohit, Mayur Chavda, Mayank Dev Singh, Jai Bahadur Balwanshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Development of a 3D-Printed Gesture Controlled Robotic Hand Using EMG Signals
The rapid advancement in human-machine interaction and biomedical engineering has created unprecedented opportunities for the development of highly intuitive and cost-effective robotic prosthetics. This research paper presents the comprehensive design, development, and implementation of a 3D-printed, anthropomorphic robotic hand controlled through input using Electromyography (EMG) signals. The primary objective of this work is to accurately mimic human finger kinematics in real-time, providing an intuitive, low-latency control interface suitable for amputees, remote teleoperation, and human-robot collaboration. The proposed system employs a microcontroller-based architecture that processes analog data obtained from a data glove equipped with varying-resistance flex sensors, coupled with an EMG module capable of reading surface muscle potentials. To achieve high-fidelity fine motor control, the processed bio signals and physical kinematic data are filtered, digitized, and transmitted via I2C communication to a PCA9685 16-channel PWM servo driver, which subsequently actuates a network of SG90 servo motors attached to the 3D-printed phalanges via a mechanical tendon system. The integration of 3D printing technology significantly reduces the weight and manufacturing costs while preserving structural integrity and allowing customized modularity. Experimental validation demonstrates that the robotic hand successfully mimics complex gestures with an average system latency of under 45 milliseconds. This paper details the hardware topology, software algorithms, circuit design, and the experimental results regarding load capacity, response time, and grasping efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Parth V Kanani, Prajapati Karan Vinodbhai, Preet Panchal, Apexa Purohit, Mayur Chavda, Mayank Dev Singh, Jai Bahadur Balwanshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The New Marketing Paradigm in India: An Exploratory Research of Emerging Trends (2019-2025)
This Present Research uses secondary data analysis to examine the shifting marketing paradigm in India between 2019 and 2025. It concentrates on the structural changes that have transformed how businesses reach, engage, convert, and sustain customers. Evidence points out that India's marketing system has shifted from a mainly platform-centric digital model to a more integrated ecosystem shaped by data-driven customisation, digital payments, social commerce, quick trade & business, rural connectivity, mass online use, and creator-led communication. With the goal to determine the most important trends—such as surge in active internet users, the growth of regional and vernacular audience segments, the expansion of retail media, influencer regulation, the increasing accessibility of e-commerce, and AI-enabled targeted advertising—the study utilises publicly accessible industry and institutional reports. The outcomes highlight concerns with compliance, consumer data use, and platform dependency, but they also point out that the new marketing paradigm in India is marked by accessibility, velocity, trust-based engagement, and measurable performance centred. Therefore to comprehend the switch from traditional and fragmented marketing strategies to an integrated, digitally mediated, and customer-oriented model suitable for India's diverse market landscape, the paper presents an exploratory framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ran Vijay Singh, Mukesh Kumar Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The rise of Hinglish and hybrid identities in urban India
This is a review paper that discusses the emergence of Hinglish, and its contribution to the formation of hybrid identities in urban India. The article, based on works published in the timeframe of 2016-2025, discusses Hinglish as a language hybridization based on sociolinguistic processes like code-switching and code-mixing. It examines the major forces behind its adoption such as media, technology and globalization and the major role of the youth in its production and spread. The paper also explores how Indian culture and diaspora have helped the Hinglish language to spread the world over. The results of the research show that Hinglish is not only a convenient means of communication, but also the measure of changing cultural identity, the bargaining between tradition and modernity. The paper concludes that Hinglish is a dynamic and adaptive linguistic phenomenon that can be of great use to understand the language, culture, and identity intersections in the modern urban society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhanbanti Chanchal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mental Health Stigma Among Youth In The Digital Age: Social Aspects
The issue of mental health stigma among young people has become a burning problem in the era of digitalization due to the acceleration of technological progress and changes in social relations. This review article discusses the social dimension of mental health stigma, with the emphasis on smartphone and social media usage, and digital patterns of engagement among young persons. Based on the literature that has been published within the last 2-4 years, the research follows the systematic review method to examine the association between digital behaviors and stigma development. The results indicate that though the digital platforms may raise awareness and peer support, they also maintain stigma by cyberbullying, misinformation, and by social comparison. There are multiple types of stigma: social, self, and structural, which are shown to be interdependent and enhanced by online communication. The paper emphasizes the importance of combined initiatives, such as digital literacy and awareness campaigns, policy interventions, to combat stigma and enhance positive mental health experiences among young populations in a more digital society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aruna Tripathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Uniform Civil Code and Hindu Personal Law: Constitutional Morality, Equality, and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism
The debate surrounding the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) constitutes one of the most significant constitutional and socio-legal controversies in India. Article 44 of the Constitution directs the State to endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens throughout the territory of India, while Articles 25 and 26 guarantee freedom of religion and protection of religious practices. This constitutional tension between equality and religious freedom has made the implementation of the UCC a deeply contested issue in Indian constitutional jurisprudence.¹ Hindu Personal Law occupies a central place in this debate because it has undergone extensive codification and reform after independence through legislations such as the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, and the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956.² These reforms sought to modernize traditional Hindu law and align it with constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and justice. This paper critically examines the relationship between the Uniform Civil Code and Hindu Personal Law from constitutional, historical, judicial, and socio-political perspectives. It analyses whether Hindu law already functions as a semi-uniform civil framework and evaluates whether the implementation of a UCC would genuinely promote gender justice and secularism or instead threaten India’s multicultural identity and legal pluralism. The study further analyses landmark judicial decisions including Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum,³ Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India,⁴ John Vallamattom v. Union of India,⁵ Shayara Bano v. Union of India,⁶ and Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma.⁷ These decisions illustrate the judiciary’s evolving approach toward constitutional morality, equality, and reform of discriminatory personal laws. The paper argues that although equality, dignity, gender justice, and national integration are legitimate constitutional objectives, the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code must be gradual, consultative, and rooted in constitutional morality rather than political majoritarianism. It concludes that personal law reform should prioritize justice, dignity, and equality while preserving India’s pluralistic constitutional identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarika Gupta, Ganesh Akhade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Accuracy and Efficiency of YOLO Algorithms in Identifying Plant Leaf Diseases
Plant diseases are one of the biggest challenges of world agriculture, leading to enormous output losses and economic damages. Early and accurate detection of these diseases may help to increase crop yield, improve resource efficiency, decrease costs and environmental impact and assist the production of high-quality food. In recent years, deep learning (especially computer vision approaches) has become a strong tool for a number of tasks such as picture classification, segmentation and object detection. Such techniques include the You Only Look Once (YOLO) family of neural networks, a state-of-the-art technology for accurate object detection. In this work, we use YOLOv5, YOLOv7 and YOLOv8 models for citrus disease detection with the CCL’20 dataset. During training, a number of data augmentation techniques are used to improve the model performance, such as picture translation, scaling, flipping and mosaic augmentation. The model performance was evaluated using the Mean Average Precision (mAP) for Intersection over Union thresholds from 50% to 95% (mAP@50–95). The results showed that the YOLOv8 model performed better than the other variations, with significant improvements compared to the benchmarks reported in previous studies. After hyper-parameter adjustment, the improved model reached a mAP@50-95 of 96.1% on the test set for detection of the citrus diseases. The model attained the mAP@50-95 of 95.3%, 96.0% and 97.0% for Anthracnose, Melanose and Bacterial Brown Spot respectively for each disease. Furthermore, the model could reliably identify both single and many cases of the same and different diseases inside a single image, illustrating the robustness of recent YOLO architectures. Finally, the trained YOLOv8 model has been successfully installed into the Roboflow platform which is ready for practical applications in citrus disease monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Milan Narendra Gohel, Hiren Kavathiya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Job Satisfaction and Employee Retention: A Psychological Approach in Management
Job satisfaction and retention are critical factors to organizational development, performance, and sustainability. The following review paper focuses on the psychological perspective behind the employee satisfaction and retention in contemporary management practices. The paper dwells on the key psychological theories in explaining employee motivation and commitment namely, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory, McGregors Theory X and Theory Y and Vrooms Expectancy Theory. The paper also discusses how job satisfaction is influenced such as compensation, leadership style, work environment, career development and work-life balance. Also, the contribution of organizational culture to employee loyalty and turnover intentions are explained. The results in the literature show that the employees with psychological support and recognition and the opportunities of professional growth show greater job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The review emphasizes the need to establish favorable working conditions and organizational policies that support employees in order to enhance their retention and organizational performance..
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ankesh Anand https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Governance Framework for Salesforce Data Cloud in Healthcare Insurance Platforms
The fast digitalization of insurance systems used in healthcare has heightened the need to have strong digital governance systems to handle the multi-faceted healthcare data ecosystem. This review article discusses the contribution of Salesforce Data Cloud to healthcare insurance platforms in terms of data governance, security, interoperability, artificial intelligence (AI), and regulatory compliance. The paper emphasizes the role of Salesforce Data Cloud in managing unified and comprehensive data in healthcare, real-time analytics, patient-centric care, and effective claim processing. It further explores the importance of cybersecurity measures, privacy protection, and compliance frameworks such as HIPAA and GDPR in safeguarding sensitive healthcare information. The paper also mentions the importance of integrating AI, predictive analytics, and interoperability technologies in improving operational efficiency and decision-making within healthcare insurance systems. Moreover, the study outlines several significant obstacles related to the implementation of digital systems of governance, such as cybersecurity threats, integration issues, regulatory differences, and organizational attitudes towards technological change. The results suggest that to have secure, efficient, compliant, and sustainable healthcare insurance operations in the digital era, effective digital governance is the key.
Artificial Intelligence and Interoperability
Copyright (c) 2024 Susil Sahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Governing Salesforce Industries (Vlocity) Implementations at Scale in Healthcare Insurance Organization
The surge in digitalization of healthcare insurance organizations has seen an increment in the use of Salesforce Industries (Vlocity) platforms to enhance customer engagement, operational effectiveness, claims management, and management of healthcare services. Nevertheless, extensive Salesforce deployment needs robust governance frameworks to control the complexity of the system, data security, regulatory compliance, integration, and scalability of the organization. This review paper discusses the governance of Salesforce industries implementations within health insurance organizations through the lens of digital governance frameworks, data privacy needs, interoperability with healthcare information systems, and risk management plans. The paper also assesses the contribution of the OmniStudio tools like OmniScripts, Data Mapper, Flex Cards, Integration Procedures, Business Rule Engine and Vlocity Build Tool to scalable healthcare operations. Moreover, the paper presents difficulties associated with cybersecurity, over-customization, data migration and change management. The review concludes that to make sure that Salesforce Industries deployments in healthcare insurance settings are secure, reliable, and sustainable, proper governance strategies, uniform operational procedures, and robust compliance systems are needed..
Healthcare Information System Integration
Copyright (c) 2025 Susil Sahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
CFD Analysis on Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Collector System with Various Tube Geometry
The present study aims to reduce excessive temperature in photovoltaic (PV) modules by optimizing the cooling tube geometry in a photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T) collector. CATIA V5 was used to create a three-dimensional steady-state thermal model. A glass cover, a PV layer positioned between EVA layers, a Tedlar back sheet, an absorber plate, a cooling tube, and insulation are all part of the computational domain. Three tube geometries—U-tube, 3-pass tube, and rectangular wave-shaped tube—were analyzed for heat transfer performance. ANSYS Fluent was used to model the thermo-fluid behaviour using the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure-velocity coupling and the finite volume approach. With a mass flow rate of 0.012 m/s and an input temperature of 30 °C, water was used as the working fluid under 1000 W/m² of solar radiation. Results show that tube geometry significantly influences temperature distribution and heat transfer. Among the configurations, the 3-pass tube (Case 2) achieved the lowest PV temperature and an outlet water temperature of 51.06 °C with a heat transfer rate of 1057.11 W, indicating improved thermal management and collector performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sippu Kumar, S.S. Pawar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Blockchain in Accounting: A Systematic Review of Literature and Secondary Evidence Using the PRISMA Framework
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of blockchain technology in the accounting domain through a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) model. The study examines peer-reviewed research articles collected from major academic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar. The primary objectives of the study are to systematically review the existing literature on blockchain in accounting, analyse the growth and development of blockchain accounting in India, and identify the major challenges associated with the adoption of blockchain technology in accounting practices. The findings of the study indicate that blockchain technology has the potential to address several long-standing issues in traditional accounting systems by enhancing transparency, ensuring immutability of records, improving security, and enabling real-time verification of financial transactions. However, the study also highlights significant challenges related to regulatory adaptation, scalability, technological infrastructure, and the need for professional skill development. Furthermore, the results reveal substantial growth in the blockchain market in India, indicating that blockchain technology is expected to play a transformative role in the future of the accounting and finance industry. To provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the emerging trends and implications, the study presents data and findings through various charts and tables, offering valuable insights for researchers, academicians, and industry professionals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anoop Patel, Shivani Maurya, Pavan Kumar Tiwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Quantum Enhanced Image Analysis on IBM Hardware In NISQ-Era
The rapid growth of high-dimensional image data in the 21st century has revealed the inherent scalability limits of classical Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. The Moore’s Law nearing its physical and economic limits. As a result, use of energy latency involved in training multi-million-parameter models specially in applications such as medical imaging and satellite imaging. In this paper, a novel quantum-based architecture is proposed that incorporates Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) into a classical CNN. By mapping classical pixel information into a high-dimensional Hilbert space. Quantum entanglement is exploited to capture intricate spatial hierarchies with a fraction of the parameters of classical Euclidean-based models. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept of this novel framework using the IBM Quantum ecosystem and show that a Quantum-Enhanced CNN can reduce trainable parameters by 93% yet still attain accuracy levels that are competitive with state-of-the-art classical models. This paper provides a scalable proof of concept that paves the way for a "Quantum Utility" future in which data analysis is redefined in terms of quantum state space.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niranjala S. H., M. Kazem Chamran, Mustafa Mowafak Alobaedy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Knowledge Management Practices, Competency Mapping, And Its Linkage With Compensation: An Empirical Study Of Faculty Members In Higher Education Institutions
Currently, information-intensive activities are increasingly important in the realm of higher education. The competencies of faculty members are more pivotal in generating new knowledge, disseminating existing information, and facilitating the overall functioning of the institution. This research seeks to empirically examine the applicability of knowledge management techniques, competence mapping, and their relationship with compensation systems among faculty members employed in selected higher education institutions in the Bhopal Division, based on the research findings. This study employs a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) methodology to examine the relationships among diverse knowledge management processes (socialisation, externalisation, combination, and internalisation), faculty competencies (knowledge transfer and application), and compensation outcomes. This study is grounded on the SECI model of knowledge creation, with human capital theory as its foundational premise. The hypothesised associations were validated using structural equation modelling (SEM) approaches, based on primary data collected from faculty members. The study's results indicate that knowledge management techniques significantly affect faculty members' capabilities, which, in turn, positively influence remuneration structures. This research integrates knowledge management, competence mapping, and compensation into a cohesive framework, contributing to the existing body of knowledge. Moreover, it offers policymakers actionable lessons for independently constructing competency-based pay systems from the ground up.
Copyright (c) 2026 Swati Dwivedi, P.S Rajput, Vishal Sood, Satish Manwani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
AI-Driven Cloud Security: Threat Detection, Case Studies, and Digital Risk Management Framework
AI-driven cybersecurity is transforming how organizations protect and manage digital risks in cloud environments. Traditional security systems depend on predefined rules and can only detect known threats, whereas AI analyzes live data, identifies anomalies instantly, and detects previously unseen and emerging attack patterns. AI systems continuously learn from past attacks and can predict vulnerabilities before attackers exploit them. With increasing cloud complexity, hybrid infrastructures, and evolving cyber threats, conventional security frameworks struggle to remain resilient. Artificial intelligence, through machine learning, behavioral analytics, and predictive automation, enables adaptive and intelligent defense mechanisms to safeguard cloud data. This paper presents insights drawn from real-world case studies, industry practices, and emerging challenges associated with AI-enabled cloud security. It discusses how AI protects cloud environments from cyber threats, examines challenges in digital risk management across multi-cloud systems, and highlights best practices, risk mitigation strategies, and ethical concerns. The study emphasizes the growing role of AI in enhancing cloud cybersecurity while outlining the key challenges organizations must overcome for its effective adoption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vandana Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Government Policies in Enhancing Startups Resilience Before and After Covid-19 in India
The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented disruptions for startups in India, exposing vulnerabilities in funding, operations, supply chains, and market demand. In this context, government policies emerged as a critical stabilizing force in enhancing startup resilience. This research paper examines the role of key policy interventions—such as Startup India, this paper investigates the role of Government policies in startups and its influence on startup funding trends in India, with a particular focus on pre- and post-pandemic phases. This paper is based on secondary data and methodology used for this Study are Paired T-test and Trend analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ragini Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Resiliance Of the Indian Banking System in Vuca World
In today's volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) global context, the Indian banking system is very important in ensuring economic stability and contributing to economic development. The economic volatility, technological shifts, geopolitical uncertainties, financial crises, and evolving consumer preferences have created substantial hurdles for banks in India. The present research focuses on analyzing and studying the approach that banks have taken to manage risk, maintain financial stability and ensure the efficiency of their operations in the VUCA world. The study emphasizes the importance of digital transformation, regulatory reforms, risk management strategies, and technological advancements to further fortify the banking sector. It is also highlighted that issues like cyber security risks, non-performing assets (NPAs) and market uncertainty are surfacing as challenges. The study concludes that there is a need to make the Indian banking system more Resilient and Sustainable in the long term through the process of Adaptability, Good Governance and Technological Advancement
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashok Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Technological Disruption and Digital Transformation in Modern Commerce: Strategies, Impacts and Opportunities
Technological disruption and digital transformation have become major forces shaping modern commerce. Growing technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are changing the way businesses operate, communication and competitiveness in the market. The study looks at the strategy, impact and opportunity of digital transformation and technical disruption in contemporary business settings. Recognising and emphasising the role that digital technologies play in organisations gaining efficiency, enhancing consumer experience and extending their market reach through e-commerce, digital marketing and data-informed decision making. The challenges of cybersecurity threats, high implementation costs and resistance to organizational change are also discussed in the study. The conclusions show that companies that embrace digital transformation are more likely to grow in the long term and attain innovation and competitiveness. The research findings suggest that digital transformation plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of businesses in the current digitally transforming economy
Copyright (c) 2026 Alok Baran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Barriers to Green Product Adoption inIndia: A Literature-Based Meta Study
Green product adoption has become a critical component of sustainable development, especially in emerging economies like India. Despite growing global awareness about environmental protection, the Indian market still shows relatively slow adoption of green products. This study conducts a literature-based meta-analysis using secondary data from research papers, government reports, market studies, and global sustainability documents published between 2010 and 2025. The analysis identifies major barriers that hinder green product adoption in India, including lack of consumer awareness, higher prices, limited availability, trust issues, demographic influences, behavioural resistance, and weak policy enforcement. Findings reveal that awareness and price barriers are the most dominant, followed by supply chain constraints and mistrust due to greenwashing. The study concludes by offering strategies for policymakers, marketers, and manufacturing firms to reduce these barriers and foster sustainable consumption. This research contributes to the existing knowledge base and is especially relevant for states like Bihar, where green consumption is still emerging.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Zunnun Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Study Of Cybersecurity Challenges And Threat Faced By Teachers And Students Of Patna
Cyber security is a vast topic in contemporary’s networked planet. A complex and vital cyber countryside has existed presented on account of intensely evolution of science and the increasing relation of instruments and orders. As the world is becoming highly interconnected, with networks being used to carry out critical transaction the attack surface expands, providing cyber criminals with more entrance points to exploit. They are utilising more brand new and upgraded taxicab strategies to aim the feeble points of miscellaneous firms generally. The latest and disruptive technologies, along with the new cyber tools and threats that come to light each day, are challenging organisation with not only how they secure their infrastructure, but how they require new platforms and intelligence to do so. The attackers do not trail as a result of the advancement of new complicated security orders. Various Governments and companies are taking many measures in order to prevent these cybercrimes. As a consequence, cyber security issues have become national issues. This paper focuses on cyber security challenges faced by teachers and students of Patna and analyse protection mechanism, ethics and trends changing the face of cyber security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shadma Shahin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Awareness & perceptions of neuromarketing techniques among marketing professionals in Bihar
Neuromarketing, an emerging interdisciplinary field combining neuroscience and marketing, aims to understand consumer behavior by exploring the brain’s responses to marketing stimuli. While neuromarketing has gained momentum globally, its awareness and adoption among marketing professionals in developing regions like Bihar, India, remain limited. This study investigates the level of awareness, perceptions, and acceptance of neuromarketing techniques among marketing professionals across various sectors in Bihar. Using a descriptive and exploratory research design, data were collected from a simulated sample of 120 marketing professionals working in advertising agencies, FMCG companies, educational institutions, and service organizations in Patna, Gaya, and Bhagalpur. The analysis revealed that although a majority of respondents had heard of neuromarketing, their understanding of its scientific and ethical dimensions was limited. Perception analysis showed moderate enthusiasm toward adopting neuromarketing practices, provided cost, ethical, and training barriers are addressed. The findings suggest a growing curiosity about neuromarketing in Bihar’s marketing ecosystem but emphasize the need for institutional training, academic integration, and awareness programs. The paper concludes with recommendations for academia–industry collaboration to enhance neuromarketing literacy and application within the state.
Copyright (c) 2026 Piyush Ranjan Sahay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
GST Reforms in India: Fiscal Resilience in a VUCA World
India is the fastest-growing economy with immense growth prospects. According to the World Bank, “India has achieved remarkable development over the past two decades. Since 2000, the economy has nearly quadrupled in real terms, and per capita income has almost tripled.” According to the Forbes India report on the world's GDP rankings for 2025, India ranked 5th. Along this developmental trajectory, the multifaceted challenges inherent in a VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) world warrant careful consideration. In an increasingly interconnected global economy, disturbances in any country have worldwide repercussions, reinforcing a VUCA environment. In this VUCA environment, fiscal resilience is crucial for coping with such situations. The Government of India always made policy changes to strengthen Fiscal resilience. In this series of transformations, the implementation of Goods and Services tax (GST) in 2017 was also an important milestone, helping the country strengthen Fiscal Resilience in this VUCA world. This paper explores the GST reforms' contributions to fiscal resilience in this dynamic economic environment. This study is descriptive and analytical in nature, based on secondary data from the Ministry of Finance (Govt. of India), GST Council, newspapers, Magazine articles, research papers, and analytical reports. The paper examines year-wise and state-wise GST contributions and analyses the policy changes in the special context of the VUCA world. Although the new generation GST 2.0 has simplified processes and reduced the number of tax slabs, there are still challenges, such as revenue shortfalls due to simplified tax slabs, compliance delays, and complexities and ambiguity arising from new technology and rule changes. But despite a few challenges, GST reforms have laid the foundation for fiscal resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niharika Kumari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Social Media’s Effect on Consumer Purchase Intentions
Across the globe, businesses are consistently looking for novel approaches to connect with their target audience. Just a few decades ago, the most fundamental components of marketing strategy were advertising on television and in print media. In the modern era, these classic marketing streams constitute only a small portion of the many different tactics that are utilized in the process of marketing and branding items. The ever-increasing emphasis placed on social media has had a significant impact on the state-of-the-art advertising industry and how businesses communicate with the people they are trying to reach. Consequently, the utilization of social media in an efficient manner has become an indispensable component in the process of establishing and sustaining a competitive edge. As a result, businesses now place a high value on the ability of social media to impact consumers' perceptions of brands and their intention to purchase. Businesses who use social media with a strategic strategy will outperform those that don't. Examining the body of research on social media use and brand perception can be useful in determining new and effective methods for enhancing customer interaction on social media when evaluating the effects of social media on branding and marketing initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arindam Roy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Shifting Trends in Cybercrime: A Comparative Study of Pre-, During-, and Post-COVID-19 Eras
The COVID-19 pandemic reflected a major global transformation in the digital landscape, reshaping the individuals, organisations, and governments interact with technology. This rapid digitalisation also led to a parallel surge in cybercrime. The present study analyses the levels and evolution of cybercrime across three phases — pre-COVID, during COVID, and post-COVID — while assessing the effectiveness of digital awareness initiatives in mitigating cyber threats. Before COVID-19 (2018–2019), the average reported cyberattacks remained around 350,000 cases per day, primarily involving phishing and data breaches. During the pandemic, the most crucial phase (i.e., 2020–2021), was when cybercrimes increased by nearly 300%, with ransomware attacks rising by 62%, and phishing emails accounting for over 90% of security breaches, according to the recent data by INTERPOL and WHO. In the post-pandemic period, where some relief was seen, and it was observed that in (2022–2024), cyber incidents declined to some extent by 15–20%, yet new threats such as cryptocurrency scams and AI-enabled fraud have emerged rapidly, demonstrating the adaptive nature of cybercriminals and the lack of knowledge and awareness among the victims. In today’s VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous) world, cyber threats reflect the uncertainty and complexity of the accelerated digital transformation. The pandemic amplified this volatility by revealing critical weaknesses in Cybersecurity systems and user preparedness. This study is based on the primary data supported with secondary data from Top Institutions like the WHO & INTERPOL. This paper will help benefit the various policymakers, Cybersecurity professionals, and other researchers to analyse the changing cybercrime patterns and the effectiveness of awareness. It will also help organisations and individuals in order to strengthen their digital security strategies in a VUCA-driven world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucky Makharia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Determinants of Financial Prudence among the young Adults in Bihar’s Tier 1 City: An Empirical Study on Savings Behavior and Gender Dynamics
In today's uncertain economy, living within means and having a buffer for unexpected emergencies has become not only necessary for stability, but peace of mind as well. Increasing costs of living, an uncertain job market, rising health care costs, and abrupt events like pandemics and natural disasters show why a safety quilt is necessary. For young adults in growing metropolitan regions, these necessities seem most urgent. Most people experience income volatility, high living expenses, lifestyle pressures and limited access to sound financial advice. The goal of the current research is to understand how young adults cope with financial responsibility and crisis counseling in Patna, a Tier 1 city of Bihar. It explores closely the roles of savings behavior, gender on decision making, attitudes towards risk and methods of generating security. The overall goal of this research is to provide information that can support responsible financial activities and promote saving as a sustainable goal. Emerging from a gender approach, the study points to the need to adopt measures towards inclusive access to financial knowledge and resources for both women and men. Ultimately, this research has the objectives of deepening knowledge and understanding of how young adults are more likely to become financially resilient not only for their own futures, but for the economic well - being of their communities
Copyright (c) 2026 Tracy Joan Reid, Kesar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Building Resilient Commerce through Credit Empowerment: Evaluating the Impact of PMMY on India’s Enterprise Ecosystem
The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY), launched in 2015, has emerged as a major policy intervention for strengthening India’s micro and small enterprise ecosystem through the provision of collateral-free credit. This research paper evaluates the performance and impact of PMMY over a ten-year period from 2015–16 to 2024–25, drawing exclusively on secondary data relating to loan sanctions, disbursements, social category-wise and gender-wise distribution, and the composition of new and existing enterprises. The analysis shows that a total of 53,31,00,694 loans were sanctioned under the scheme, with sanctioned amounts rising sharply from ₹1,37,449.27 crore in 2015–16 to ₹5,52,801.78 crore in 2024–25. Disbursement efficiency remained consistently high at 96%–99%, reflecting strong administrative coordination. The scheme has demonstrated substantial inclusiveness, with women receiving 35,76,74,394 loans and SC, ST, and OBC categories together accounting for a significant share of total beneficiaries. PMMY supported 10,93,23,032 new entrepreneurs and 42,37,77,662 existing enterprises, indicating its dual role in promoting enterprise creation and sustaining business expansion. Overall, the findings confirm that PMMY has significantly contributed to credit empowerment, inclusive entrepreneurship, and the development of a resilient enterprise ecosystem in India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kanhai Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0