International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management
IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Indexed Quarterly Journal International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering, and Management (IJISEM) is an open-access publication overseen by IJISEM Journals. It is dedicated to fostering the interests of emerging and promising writers. IJISEM endeavors to transcend geographical boundaries by welcoming contributions from professionals and academics worldwide, not limited to India. We thus adopted the term International as our motto and used it in the title of our journal. We are dedicated to fostering innovation and excellence across scientific, engineering, and management disciplines through our commitment to sharing knowledge. The publication focuses on research and intellectual viewpoints in order to achieve this goal. Realistic analysis, interdisciplinary/applied/methodological, empirical evidence production and utilization, critical viewpoint development and policy building work are all welcome in achieving this goal. IJISEM aims to provide a platform for doctoral researchers to showcase their investigations and disseminate their research findings and knowledge to a wider audience. IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering and Management Title IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management Frequency Quarterly (July, October, January and April) ISSN 2583 – 7117 Publication Format Online Chief Editor Dr. Rajesh Gupta Publisher Yogesh Sharma, M.Tech (Industrial Design) Subject Multidisciplinary Published by IJISEM Journals Starting Year 2022 E-Mail editor@ijisem.com Mobile No (+91) 70893666889 Mobile No (+91) 9981622288 Publishing Body AG Publishing House Language Multiple Languages Copyright AG Publishing House Website http://www.ijisem.com/ Address IJISEM Journals 57-First Floor, Susheela Bhawan, Priyadarshini Phase-3, near Meenakshi Planet City, Bagmugaliya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462043
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Current Perspectives on Active Release Technique and Myofascial Release Technique in Housewives with Lateral Epicondylitis
Lateral epicondylitis is a frequently occurring overuse musculoskeletal condition caused by repetitive use of the wrist, lifting and gripping actions at home, which are commonly performed by housewives. Persistent pain, weaker grip strength and loss of upper-limb function considerably limit daily living abilities and quality of life. Conservative physiotherapy is still the primary approach to treatment and manual therapy techniques like Active Release Technique (ART) and Myofascial Release Technique (MFR) are becoming more and more important. The present review was an attempt to present the available evidence on the efficacy of ART and MFR on pain relief and functional performance in housewives having lateral epicondylitis. Pathophysiology of pain and functional impairment, principles and mechanisms of ART and MFR, clinical applications and recent clinical studies are discussed. There is some evidence that both methods are effective in reducing pain, improving grip strength and improving functional outcomes, especially combined with therapeutic exercises. But more high-quality, randomized controlled trials, specifically directed at housewives are required to develop standard treatment protocols.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shriya Payasi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Smart Bioremediation: Role Of Artificial Intelligence-Based Monitoring and Control of Aquatic Plant Systems for Wastewater Treatment
Significant technological developments in this field have been made possible by the idea of using wastewater as a replacement for scarce water supplies and to protect the environment, which has produced a wealth of physical data, including chemical, biological, and microbiological information. After looking at this data, wastewater treatment systems become more understandable. Several studies use "machine learning (ML) algorithms" as a proactive approach to tackle issues and forecast how these processing systems will function while using gathered experimental data. This article's objective is to extract the most widely used "machine learning models" from scientific publications in the "Web of Science" database using textual analysis techniques, then examine their applicability and evolution over time. This will provide a comprehensive overview of articles that address the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to address issues in "wastewater treatment technologies", as well as a global scientific follow-up. According to an analysis of research publications, the machine learning models most commonly used in the wastewater treatment domain are "Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Linear Regression (LR), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Decision Tree (DT), and gradient boosting". The findings show that the primary publishers of publications on this study issue are developed countries. Finally, because machine learning requires a large amount of high-quality data, it helps with wastewater treatment. Furthermore, machine learning models' limited interpretability makes it more challenging to comprehend the underlying mechanisms and decisions in wastewater treatment. The AI algorithm for wastewater treatment is also examined in terms of the explainability of data-driven models for transfer learning and reinforcement learning, as well as other significant voids and future prospect. Enhancing energy efficiency, adhering to increasingly strict water quality laws, and optimising resource recovery prospects are just a few of the many issues associated with wastewater treatment. The operational and economic performance of “wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)” has improved as a result of computational models' growing recognition as effective solutions for solving these difficulties. The paper also covers the use of several "AI algorithms" in "wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)", such as identifying anomalies, optimising energy utilisation, and forecasting WWTP effluent characteristics and wastewater intakes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aayushi Sharma, Mohammad Faheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
YOLOv12 - Powered Smart Retail Automation: A Comparative Performance Analysis of Model Variants for Checkout Systems
Automated checkout is increasingly viewed as a transfor-mative solution for improving operational efficiency, reduc-ing revenue loss, and enhancing customer experience in re-tail. While deep-learning-based object detectors offer strong potential for retail automation, deploying them on resource-constrained edge hardware requires a careful evaluation of ac-curacy, computational cost, and storage footprint. This paper presents a YOLOv12-powered smart retail checkout system and reports a comparative evaluation of its Nano (YOLOv12n) and Small (YOLOv12s) variants. A custom dataset of 7,637 annotated images (6,000 train / 909 validation / 728 test) span-ning five grocery categories was used to train and evaluate both models. Results show that YOLOv12n, at only 5.27 MB, matches YOLOv12s (18.06 MB) on mAP@0.5 (99.5%) and achieves higher precision (99.7% vs. 99.3%), while training 24% faster and requiring roughly 71% less storage; YOLOv12s edges ahead only on mAP@50–95 (0.9123 vs. 0.9057), a 0.66% margin. Based on this trade-off, YOLOv12n was selected as the deployment model. The selected model was integrated into a real-time invoicing pipeline that uses a virtual trigger-line (Temporal Crossing Detection) mechanism over a conveyor-belt video feed to prevent duplicate/missed billing, retrieve product information, and automatically gen-erate itemized PDF invoices. The results demonstrate that a lightweight YOLOv12 model can deliver near state-of-the-art detection accuracy while remaining practical for low-cost, edge-based autonomous checkout deployment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Javed Khan, Anushka Nagpal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र मुख्य रूप से योगवसिष्ठ में वर्णित मन का दार्शिनक एवं विश्लेष्णात्मक अध्ययन किया गया है। जिसमे मुख्य रूप से मन का अर्थ, स्थान, कार्य, जीवन्मुक्ति एवं मन का सम्बंध एवं निग्रह के उपाय आदि का वर्णन किया गया है। जिसमे विवेक, वैराग्य, वासनाक्षय, मुक्ति के चार द्वारपाल एवं आत्म विचार को मन की शुधि का प्रमुख साधन माना गया है। इस अध्ययन से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि मन ही दुःख-सुख, बंधन-मोक्ष आदि का मुख्य कारण है। आज के समय में लोग मानसिक अशांति एवं अनियमित सोच से दुखी लोग के लिय योगवसिष्ठ में वर्णित मन की शिक्षा मनुष्य के लिय बहुत लाभ करी सिद्ध होती है।
Copyright (c) 2026 उज्जवल कुमार, अखिलेश कुमार विश्वकर्मा https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Assessment of Various Toner Types and Its Impact on Print-Edge Quality in Electrophotographic Printing Presses
Print-Edge sharpness is one of the most important parameters for evaluating print quality in electrophotographic printing because it directly influences image clarity, text readability and the overall visual appearance of printed products. The present study investigates the influence of toner technology and paper substrate on Print-Edge sharpness through a comparative assessment of three commercially available toner types, namely Emulsion Aggregation (EA) toner, Polymerized toner and Pulverized toner. The study was conducted using four commonly used printing substrates: Silk Coated paper, Textured paper, Uncoated paper and NTR paper. Test prints were printed under controlled electrophotographic printing conditions to ensure consistency in machine settings and environmental parameters. Print-Edge sharpness was evaluated and quantified using standard human observer method by measuring the edge definition of printed characters and graphical elements. The comparative analysis examined the interaction between toner characteristics and substrate surface properties, including coating, roughness and absorbency and their influence on edge reproduction. EA toner and Polymerized toner generally produced sharper and more well-defined print edges than Pulverized toner, particularly on coated paper such as Silk Coated Paper. In contrast, textured and uncoated substrates exhibited relatively lower edge sharpness because of their higher surface roughness and greater toner spread. NTR paper showed intermediate performance depending on the toner formulation employed. The findings indicate that both toner technology and substrate characteristics play a critical role in determining Print-Edge sharpness in electrophotographic printing. The study provides valuable insights for selecting suitable toner–paper combinations to optimize print quality and enhance image fidelity in commercial digital printing applications. The outcomes contribute to the understanding of material interactions in electrophotographic printing and provide a scientific basis for improving print quality through appropriate toner and substrate selection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bijender, Manish Kaushik, Ankit Boora https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Small Language Models for Phishing Website Detection: A Review of Cost, Performance, and Privacy Trade-Offs
This review investigates Goldenits et al.'s (2025) empirical comparison of fifteen open small language models (SLMs) for phishing website detection, which aimed to evaluate whether locally hosted models can achieve the same accuracy as proprietary large language models (LLMs), without the prohibitive costs or privacy concerns. The authors test each model with a stratified sample of 1,000 labelled websites from a pool of 10,395 websites and measure the accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score of the results. The best local model, llama3.3:70b, achieves an F1 score of 0.893 and recall of 0.948, which is close to, but still lower than, the F1 scores above 0.95 achieved by the largest proprietary systems (Goldenits et al. 2025). This review restates the three research questions posed in this paper, assesses the evidence provided for each of the questions and situates the evidence in the context of the existing literature on cost-aware deployment (Irugalbandara et al. 2024; Kavya & Sumathi, 2024) and LLM-based phishing detection (Koide et al. 2024). It concludes that, besides the number of parameters, the deployability of an SLM depends on its architecture and on the reliability of its output format, which does not depend only on its classification skill.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krithika Mani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment Of The Socio-Economic Empowerment Of Local Communities Through Food Processing Industries: A Case Study Of Khurda District, Odisha
This study investigates the socio-economic empowerment of local communities through Food Processing Industries (FPI) in Khurda District, Odisha. Adopting a quantitative research approach, the study aims to assess the impact of FPI on key socio-economic indicators, including employment opportunities, income generation, access to nutritious food, and community cohesion. 400 respondents were selected using stratified sampling techniques, with data collected through structured questionnaires administered between December 15, 2023, and January 10, 2024. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was adopted to analyze the relationships between FPI and socio-economic outcomes. The results reveal significant positive associations between FPI and employment opportunities, income generation, access to nutritious food, and community cohesion. These findings underscore the potential of FPI to drive socio-economic development and enhance the well-being of local communities in Khurda District. The practical implications of the study suggest the importance of fostering an enabling environment for FPI growth, including policy support, infrastructure development, and skill enhancement programs. Furthermore, the study identifies avenues for future research, includinglong-term impact of FPI interventions and comparative analyses across different regions to inform targeted policy interventions for sustainable socio-economic empowerment. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on FPI and community development, offering insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to promote inclusive and sustainable development in Khurda District, Odisha, and beyond.
Copyright (c) 2026 Avilipsa Panda, Aparajita Biswal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analytical Study of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2023 with reference to Stakeholders Rights Perspectives
This study is an attempt to explore the working of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) 2023 and to focus on the stakeholders and to what extend their rights are upheld under IBC. It explores: Why the bankruptcy regime has been shaped the way it is; the conflict between interest of justice of stakeholders and interest of creditors – who are the system's preferred player when according to Indian statute. The nature of the study is descriptive and analytical because evaluations are carried out about the impact of the Code on creditors, debtors, workers, the shareholders and regulators from different dimension such as legislative provision, the case law/empirical evidence. Results come back suggesting that the IBC 2023 provides for a higher recovery rate with an enhanced creditor oversight, but is likely to result in marginalization non-creditor parties. Weights and counterweights in the judgments of the Judges and protection gaps of vulnerable groups still exist. According to the report, a variety of initiatives are needed, including greater scrutiny of the regulators, more transparency for shareholders and more protection for employees. Emphasis on the policy implication to develop an equitable development and achieve financial stability is created and the comparison is made with Indian and Global bankruptcy regime.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahesh Prakash Kolamkar, Sourabh Vasant Ubale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Payment Systems: Their Role in Economic Growth and Associated Criminal Activities
Digital payment systems have revolutionized the financial sector, offering secure, efficient, and real-time electronic transactions worldwide. The financial inclusion has been enhanced, business efficiency, e-commerce, and economic growth have been supported with the fast growth of technology like Unified Payments Interface (UPI), mobile wallets, Internet banking, credit and debit cards and QR code based payments. At the same time, the growing reliance on digital financial services has opened up new avenues for financial crimes via cyber means such as phishing, identity theft, QR-code fraud, OTP fraud, money laundering, malware attacks and account takeover. This review aims to analyse the impact of digital payment on economic development and provide an insight into the new security issues surrounding the use of these digital payments. It also examines the contribution that the regulatory framework, security measures, fraud protection systems, consumer understanding and awareness, and institutional cooperation can play in enhancing the security of payments. In conclusion, the review suggests that sustainable digital payment systems need to combine technological innovation, effective regulation, and cybersecurity awareness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suhaib Ahmed Quraishy, Abdulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Significance of Full Blood Count (FBC) Indicators in Identifying Anemia: An Examination of 100 Cases from Past Records
Anemia impacts roughly 1.62 billion individuals worldwide, marked by decreased red blood cell numbers, hemoglobin levels, or hematocrit values. This backward-looking study assessed the effectiveness of Full Blood Count (FBC) indicators in diagnosing anemia among 100 affected individuals (55 men, 45 women; ages 18–65) at Metro Hospital in Jabalpur. Indicators examined included hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC) tally, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). Anemia was categorized as microcytic (n=40), normocytic (n=30), or macrocytic (n=30). Marked variations were observed in MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW among categories (p<0.001). Associations indicated hemoglobin's negative link with MCV (r=-0.35) and RDW (r=-0.25), and positive with MCHC (r=0.51). FBC indicators proved effective for diagnosing and categorizing anemia, with RDW helping to distinguish iron-related deficiencies. Drawbacks include limited participant numbers and the retrospective approach. This research endorses FBC as an initial diagnostic method, guiding informed anemia treatment strategies. The broadened evaluation explores variations by age and gender subgroups, treatment applications, and comparisons with alternative diagnostic approaches, offering a solid base for hematology investigations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ravita Thakur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Correlation Between Fasting Blood Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, with Type 2 DM (T2DM) being the most prevalent form. Effective glycemic monitoring is crucial to prevent complications. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects long-term glucose control (2-3 months), while fasting blood glucose (FBG) provides short-term insights. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between FBG and HbA1c in T2DM patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 50 T2DM patients (aged 35-50 years) at Metro Hospital, Jabalpur. FBG was measured using the Glucose Oxidase-Peroxidase method, and HbA1c via nephelometry. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were performed. Results: Mean FBG was 140.2 ± 30.1 mg/dL, and mean HbA1c was 7.2 ± 1.5%. A strong positive correlation existed between FBG and HbA1c (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). Conclusion: HbA1c strongly correlates with FBG and is a reliable biomarker for long-term glycemic control. Combined monitoring of both parameters is essential for diabetes management.
Constructed Wetlands with Aquatic Plants For Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Design and Efficiency Analysis
The severe pollution of water produced by untreated textile waste makes effective wastewater treatment a particularly urgent environmental challenge in industrial regions like Mumbai and Delhi. This is a method that is a method that is a common industrial text that is a common. To test the efficiency of pollutant removal throughout a ten-day retention period, carefully controlled laboratory-scale studies were carried out. Eichhornia crassipes demonstrated the most efficient removal of "total dissolved solids (TDS)", "electrical conductivity (EC)", salinity (40.20 %), pH (5.12), total hardness (38.2 %), and chlorides (50.5 percent). For instance, Pistia stratiotes and Lemna minor demonstrated exceptional success in the elimination of nitrate (98.76%), ammonium (52%), and the "sodium absorption ratio (48.19%)". This is indicative of the potential for species-specific bioremediation. The findings highlight the variety of affordable, ecologically advantageous, and sustainable nature-based wastewater treatment approaches available in industrial clusters, offering a practical substitute for conventional treatment techniques. A recent study from 2019 to 2021 found that wastewater treatment utilizing a phytoremediation technique, which involves creating artificial wetlands with aquatic vegetation, is a popular and effective method for pollution removal.
Parental Involvement And Neuroeducation: A Pilot Study On Brain Plasticity In Foundational Stage Learners
This research paper discusses the link between parental engagement and neuroeducation from the perspective of brain plasticity in early childhood. The study is a pilot investigation of 30 learners in the foundational stage (ages 3 to 6) based on neuroscientific evidence that early childhood is a period of heightened synaptic proliferation and environmental sensitivity. This study uses a parental involvement questionnaire, adapted from validated instruments, to investigate the relationship between parent-child interactive behaviours and developmental outcomes. These results suggest that active, reciprocal parent-child interactions, especially those that include language-rich conversations, responsive caregiving, and play-based learning, are associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. This paper contributes to the growing literature of neuropedagogical research by providing empirical evidence that parental involvement is a crucial environmental mechanism for the development of brain architecture. This article adds to the expanding pool of neuropedagogical research with empirical evidence that parental involvement is a major environmental mechanism for influencing brain architecture during the foundational stage, with implications for educational policy, teacher preparation, and family engagement strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amit Kauts, Mankiran Virdhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Harmonic Evaluation of Active and Reactive Power Droop Control Strategies for Cascaded type Microgrid
Distributed generation units incorporating power electronics are becoming popular owing to their zero emission features. The most important elements to evaluate the successful use and flexibility of microgrids are the control as well as coordination of such generating units. The present report operates a space vector PWM technically controlled distribution unit linked to the series with steady power sharing. The synchronisation as well as power balancing of dispersed generating devices constitutes two major problems in cascaded-type microgrids that require immediate response. To that aim, in this research, an f-P/Q drop control is suggested and its stability is also examined. This suggested drop-control is capable of independently achieving power balance under resistive and resistive loads. The clear benefit in comparison to the reverse power factor drop control is to expand the field of application. Furthermore, simulation results verify the viability of the suggested approach. The technique ensures precise power sharing even when the connection is interrupted. Where the load varies during the interruption of communication, energy sharing accuracy is decreased, yet the suggested approach is better than the traditional drop control method. Furthermore, the accuracy of the power sharing base on the suggested approach is not affected by the communication channel time delay as well as local loads at inverter output. The control model was simulated in MATLAB using a series connection of two or three inverters. A comparison study is performed on THDs using SPWM and SVPWM methods in the output voltage. The active forces are also compared to improved power supply..
Copyright (c) 2026 Ravikant Sahu, Naveen Asati, Syed Uaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
AI and Business Decision-Making: Opportunities and Challenges
The rapid proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed business decision-making across diverse domains such as finance, marketing, supply chain, human resources, and strategic management. This study presents a Review of twelve peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025, sourced from international journals and conference proceedings. Using a structured coding framework, the review synthesizes insights on AI applications, methodologies, tools, opportunities, challenges, and future research directions in organizational decision-making. Findings indicate that AI tools—including machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, predictive analytics, robotic process automation, and intelligent decision-support systems—enable organizations to improve efficiency, accuracy, and foresight while reducing human bias. Across the studies, AI is shown to support enhanced financial forecasting, customer engagement, supply chain optimization, HR talent management, innovation, and strategic planning. Opportunities identified include real-time predictive insights, process automation, risk mitigation, and the creation of competitive advantages in dynamic markets. However, challenges remain in the areas of data quality, algorithmic bias, interpretability, ethical concerns, integration with legacy systems, high implementation costs, and regulatory uncertainties. Several studies also emphasize the social and organizational risks of AI adoption, such as workforce displacement and trust deficits in automated decisions. The review highlights that successful adoption requires not only technological readiness but also ethical frameworks, transparent governance, and human–AI collaboration. Future research directions proposed include developing sector-specific AI models, advancing explainable and ethical AI frameworks, investigating adoption in emerging markets, and exploring human–machine integration for responsible decision-making. Overall, the SLR underscores that while AI offers transformative opportunities for business decision-making, its long-term impact depends on responsible implementation, alignment with human values, and continuous adaptation to evolving business environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shubham Singh, Shubham Sharma, Shaksham Dixit, Sheetal Patel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Electricity Generation from Plastic Waste Using Thermoelectric Generators
Plastic waste is a problem for the environment because it doesn't break down and people are using more and more of it. This paper talks about a system that turns plastic waste into electricity using special devices called thermoelectric generators or TEGs for short. The system has parts: a chamber where the plastic is burned in a controlled way, an SP1848-27145 TEG module, a heat sink, a device that boosts the voltage, an inverter that changes the voltage from current to alternating current and a unit that filters the air. When plastic is burned it produces heat, which is then turned into electricity by the TEG through something called the Seebeck effect. The results of the experiment show that the voltage output went up from 0.8 volts to 5.3 volts when the temperature difference across the TEG went up from 30 degrees Celsius to 140 degrees Celsius. The most power that was produced was 625.4 milliwatts.The air filtration system that is part of the setup helps reduce the stuff released during burning. The system we propose is a cost- way to deal with plastic waste and make a small amount of electricity at the same time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andela Indira Raghunand, Rutuja Bhausaheb Landge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Interpolative Modulated Contractions and Common Fixed Point Theory in Complete Fuzzy Cone Metric Spaces with Applications
In this paper, we establish a common fixed point theory for an interpolative modulated contractions class in the setup of fuzzy cone metric spaces. We outline a setting that blends the order structure of cones, the fuzziness sensitive nearness function of fuzzy metric spaces with a scalar modulation system that reshapes fuzzy nearness into an adjustable dial. This paper presents a generalized contractive condition for two self-mappings on a complete fuzzy cone metric space based on five fuzzy metric terms; here, the modulation function plays an important role. The condition encompasses Banach-type, Kannan-type, Chatterjea-type and F-type reductions with appropriate specialization of the modulation parameters. Based on explicit scalarization, completeness and orbital continuity assumptions, we demonstrate the existence of a point of coincidence via an alternating sequence in the sense of (P) along with a geometric Cauchy estimate. To show the uniqueness part, a standalone theorem of uniqueness follows immediately after which weak compatibility is invoked to transform the unique coincidence point into a unique common fixed point. The hypotheses are stated in order that convergence, Cauchy behavior, uniqueness and compatibility are not obscured by the notation. For illustration, two examples are included in this paper: one is a finite fuzzy cone metric example that must satisfy the new condition while failing ordinary Banach and Kannan pair conditions. It is applied to a nonlinear Fredholm integral equation and a dynamic programming equation. We provide also a numerical iteration table and a convergence curve showing the rate predicted by the proof.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gyanrao Dhote, Rashmi Jaisawal, Sheetal Panwar, Aditi malviya, Priyanshi Chandrawanshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploring the Moderating Effect of Demographics on Social Interaction and Purchase Intention in Social Commerce Platforms
The rapid expansion of social commerce platforms has significantly transformed consumer purchasing behavior, largely driven by dynamic social interactions such as peer ratings, community engagement, and social sharing. Although prior studies suggest that social involvement enhances consumers’ purchase intentions, the moderating role of demographic characteristics in this relationship remains insufficiently explored. Addressing this gap, the present study investigates how demographic variables—specifically age, gender, education level, and income influence the relationship between social interaction and purchase intention in the context of social commerce. A quantitative research design was employed, surveying 500 active users of social commerce platforms, including Instagram Shopping and Facebook Marketplace. Grounded in the Stimulus Organism Response (S-O-R) framework, the study conceptualizes social interaction as a stimulus influencing consumers’ internal evaluations and behavioral responses. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to test the proposed model and examine the moderating effects of demographic variables. The findings reveal that social interaction exerts a significant positive effect on purchase intention; however, this relationship is notably moderated by age and gender. Specifically, younger users particularly female consumers demonstrate greater responsiveness to social cues such as peer recommendations and community feedback. In contrast, income and education level do not exhibit a significant moderating effect on the relationship between social interaction and purchase intention. These results underscore the importance of demographically tailored marketing strategies in social commerce environments. From a theoretical perspective, the study enhances understanding of consumer behavior by integrating demographic moderators into the S-O-R framework. Practically, the findings offer valuable insights for marketers seeking to improve conversion rates through targeted demographic segmentation and socially driven engagement strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Richa Sharma, Rajesh Gupta, Veer P. Gangwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 के अंतर्गत बिहार के विश्वविद्यालयों में स्नातक स्तरीय इंटर्नशिप कार्यक्रम: आवश्यकता, चुनौतियाँ एवं समाधान -एक विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन
राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 ने भारतीय उच्च शिक्षा व्यवस्था को ज्ञान-केंद्रित, कौशल-केंद्रित, बहुविषयक और रोजगारोन्मुख बनाने की दिशा में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण संरचनात्मक परिवर्तन प्रस्तुत किया है। इस नीति में स्नातक शिक्षा को केवल सैद्धांतिक ज्ञान तक सीमित न रखकर उसे अनुभवात्मक अधिगम, स्थानीय उद्योग, समुदाय, शोध, नवाचार और कार्यस्थल-आधारित प्रशिक्षण से जोड़ने पर बल दिया गया है। इसी संदर्भ में बिहार के विश्वविद्यालयों में चार वर्षीय स्नातक कार्यक्रम के अंतर्गत इंटर्नशिप कार्यक्रम की आवश्यकता अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण हो जाती है। बिहार जैसे राज्य में, जहाँ उच्च शिक्षा में बड़ी संख्या ग्रामीण, अर्ध-शहरी और प्रथम-पीढ़ी के विद्यार्थी प्रवेश लेते हैं, इंटर्नशिप उनके लिए अकादमिक ज्ञान और व्यावहारिक जीवन के बीच सेतु का कार्य कर सकती है। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र का उद्देश्य बिहार के विश्वविद्यालयों में स्नातक स्तरीय इंटर्नशिप कार्यक्रम की आवश्यकता, प्रमुख चुनौतियों और संभावित समाधानों का विश्लेषण करना है। अध्ययन विश्लेषणात्मक एवं वर्णनात्मक पद्धति पर आधारित है तथा इसमें नीति दस्तावेजों, यूजीसी दिशा-निर्देशों, बिहार राजभवन की अधिसूचनाओं और उच्च शिक्षा से जुड़े समकालीन विमर्शों का अध्ययन किया गया है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि इंटर्नशिप कार्यक्रम छात्रों की रोजगार-क्षमता, कौशल विकास, सामाजिक संवेदनशीलता और व्यावसायिक तैयारी को मजबूत कर सकता है। परंतु इसके सफल क्रियान्वयन के लिए स्पष्ट दिशानिर्देश, गुणवत्तापूर्ण प्रशिक्षण संस्थान, डिजिटल मॉनिटरिंग, मूल्यांकन पारदर्शिता, शिक्षक-समन्वय, स्थानीय उद्योग-संस्थान साझेदारी और छात्र-केंद्रित सहायता तंत्र आवश्यक हैं।
Copyright (c) 2025 डॉ मनीष प्रसाद https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Critical Comparative Investigation into the Role of Paper Substrate Physicochemical Characteristics in Determining Image Reproduction Accuracy and Print Quality Outcomes in Sheet-Fed Offset Lithographic Printing
The quality of printed products in sheet-fed offset lithographic printing is significantly influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of the paper substrate. Properties such as grammage, thickness, brightness, opacity, surface roughness, tensile strength, tear resistance, and absorbency play a crucial role in determining ink transfer, image reproduction accuracy, and overall print quality. This study presents a critical comparative investigation of different paper substrates used in sheet-fed offset printing to evaluate their impact on key print quality parameters, including dot gain, print density, color reproduction, trapping efficiency, print contrast, and image sharpness. Standardized printing conditions were maintained throughout the experimentation to ensure that variations in print performance could be attributed primarily to substrate characteristics. The physicochemical properties of selected paper grades were measured using standardized testing methods, and the resulting print samples were analyzed using appropriate print quality assessment techniques. The findings reveal significant correlations between substrate properties and print quality outcomes, demonstrating that coated papers generally provide superior image reproduction accuracy, colour fidelity, and surface finish compared to uncoated substrates. The study contributes to a better understanding of substrate–print interactions and offers valuable insights for printers, publishers, and packaging manufacturers in selecting suitable paper grades for achieving optimum print quality and production efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sonam Verma, Aman Tyagi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Systematic Investigation into Printing Defects in Central Impression (CI) Flexographic Printing on Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Substrates
Printing quality in Central Impression (CI) flexographic printing on Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) substrates is strongly influenced by the interaction between substrate surface properties, ink behaviour, and press operating conditions. Despite its wide application in flexible packaging, maintaining consistent print quality remains challenging due to the frequent occurrence of various printing defects. The present investigation systematically examines common defects observed during CI flexographic printing on LDPE films, including ink smearing, dot gain, banding, pinholing, poor ink adhesion, and registration errors. The effects of key process parameters such as printing speed, impression pressure, anilox roller volume, ink viscosity, and substrate surface energy are critically analysed to understand their contribution to defect formation. Controlled printing trials were conducted using LDPE substrates with defined specifications to evaluate variations in print quality under different operating conditions. Results indicate that defect formation is predominantly governed by the combined influence of low surface energy of LDPE, suboptimal ink rheology, and mechanical variations within the printing system. Inadequate wetting and adhesion behaviour leads to ink transfer issues, while improper balance between anilox selection and ink viscosity contributes to tonal inconsistency and print unevenness. Additionally, mechanical instabilities in CI flexographic systems are found to significantly affect registration accuracy and cause banding defects. Findings highlight the necessity of optimizing substrate treatment, ink formulation, and press parameters to minimize defect occurrence and enhance overall print performance on LDPE materials used in flexible packaging applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tinku Sharma, Sonam Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Beyond Taxation: Autism Care, Disability Justice, and the Social Impact of GST Reform in India
For many Indian families, the expense of autism care remains a significant burden. In addition to (Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD), humanitarian passage in beneficial domains next to common routes of the sociocultural environment is the main focus here. By the other hand, it also requires continuous intervention approaches across multiple domains including speech therapy, occupational therapy, behavioural modification therapy, adapted schooling, the use of cutting-edge assistive devices and holistic support to caregivers. Most of these services have to be paid for from private pockets, which constitutes a serious burden on families. The items and Services Tax (GST) simplified India's indirect taxation system but what about the items and services that are taxed which concerns disabilities? GST 2.0: Changes to support autism care and disability welfare, ORMS 2023-10 (October 2023). This paper employs a comprehensive, mixed-methods policy analysis approach to critically assess GST category impacts on the cost and availability of therapies and assistive technology associated with autism. It deals with the tax treatment of computer access software, instructional software, rehabilitative services and employment support technology aids - including augmentative and alternative communication devices; and voice generating equipment. In this essay, I propose that indirect taxation is mainly a tool of social policy for promoting or relieving disability, rather than just a small revenue source. This paper draws on principles of disability justice, social work advocacy and public policy to propose reforms the Goods and Services Tax (GST) as it applies to autism-specific assistive technologies and clearly for therapy services in their interaction with disability benefit schemes. This has shown that tax justification cuts down on cost to families but also, when in proper condition meets the demand for fair access to all the services discussed above. It goes on to argue that tax reform which is sensitive to disability should be highlighted as one of the parts for economic policy reforms needed in order achieve socially just outcomes, and it says social workers could help raise public awareness about these issues.
Autism Spectrum Disorder Disability Rights GST Reform Social Work Healthcare Economics Neurodiversity India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akanksha Tiwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Role of Air Conditioning Systems in Indoor Thermal Comfort
Thermal comfort is a fundamental aspect of IEQ that has a direct impact on the health, well-being, satisfaction, and productivity of occupants. With the rise of urbanization and building occupancy, the demand for efficient air conditioning systems that can provide a comfortable indoor environment has grown more significant. The basic fundamentals that affect thermal comfort, such as clothing insulation, metabolic rate, air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and mean radiant temperature are discussed. The study also examines the advanced enhancement methods for air conditioning systems such as optimized supply and return air configurations, Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems, demand controlled ventilation, smart thermostats, adaptive control, and zonal cooling systems. The use of computational fluid dynamics, artificial intelligence, smart sensors and personal cooling technologies is gaining prominence in recent literature to enhance thermal comfort and decrease energy use. The results suggest that the intelligent and adaptive HVAC systems can have a substantial impact on the indoor environmental quality, the satisfaction felt by occupants, and the energy efficiency of buildings. The review provides valuable insights into current developments and future directions for achieving sustainable and occupant-centered thermal comfort management in modern buildings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shivendra Singh, Dileep Kumar Jigyasi, N.K. Sagar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Recent Advances in Passive Cooling Techniques for Indoor Thermal Comfort
Passive cooling techniques are proving to be effective and sustainable approaches to achieve adequate indoor thermal comfort in buildings with less energy consumption. With the rising atmospheric temperature and the rapid growth of the urban population along with the negative environmental effects of air-conditioning systems, energy efficient cooling solutions have become more important than ever. This review paper covers the recent developments of the passive cooling methods to provide comfortable indoor environments by natural cooling process and climate responsive building design. The study emphasizes to the main passive cooling methods: natural ventilation, shading systems, thermal mass, evaporative cooling, windcatchers, green roofs, and innovative building material. New advances in adaptive ventilation, smart shading and sustainable architecture are also mentioned. Also, the review will investigate the contribution of passive cooling to achieve a better indoor environment and to enhance the well-being of the occupants. The results show a significant improvement in thermal comfort and a decrease in cooling loads and environmental impacts when multiple passive cooling strategies are combined. In conclusion, passive cooling technologies are viable and sustainable solutions for future building design with an aim to low energy consumption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shivendra Singh, Amit Vishwakarma, N.K. Sagar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Forensic Approach to Image Clone Detection Using Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and Error Level Analysis (ELA)
This paper proposes a new technique for clone recognition via the combination of the SSIM measure and ELA for detection and assessment of modifications within images. The SSIM algorithm compares an image and the copy version of the image to determine whether modifications have occurred and find out the extent. By checking out the luminance, contrast, and other structural features of the picture, SSIM computes a similarity score that represents the modification done on the original image. Subsequently, modified areas of the image are highlighted using difference SSIM so that one can see which part of the image differs greatly from the rest in terms of cloning. Error Level Analysis (ELA) works well with SSIM. ELA identifies deliberately modified sections by recalculating the error levels of two images that were previously saved at different compression levels. Altered regions can be detected because they show disproportionate error levels. The images produced by ELA show an overemphasis of the suspicious regions indicating heatmap spatial analysis to ease the interpretation of results. This contribution is added to the advancement in image-to-image analysis by giving a systematic means of handling the issues of anomaly detections.
Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM)
Copyright (c) 2026 Pinky Kumari, Cheekiri Venkata Murali Krishna, Balijabudda Charan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Print-edge Sharpness of Office-Based and Production-Based Electrophotographic Printing Systems
Print-edge sharpness is one of the most important indicators of print quality, directly influencing the visual appearance, readability and reproduction accuracy of printed images and text. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of print-edge sharpness achieved by office-based and production-based electrophotographic printing systems on various paper substrates. Four commercially available paper types, namely uncoated, light-weight coated (LWC), matte coated and gloss coated papers were selected to investigate the influence of substrate characteristics on edge reproduction. Print-edge sharpness was evaluated for three image elements: line drawing edges, midtone edges and solid edges. The sharpness values were measured using human standard observer method and the performance of both printing systems was compared. The comparative analysis reveals that the type of electrophotographic printing system and the surface characteristics of the printing substrate play a crucial role in determining print-edge sharpness. Coated papers, particularly gloss coated paper, provide significantly better edge definition than uncoated paper due to their smoother and less porous surfaces, which facilitate accurate toner deposition and fusing. The findings suggest that production-based electrophotographic presses are more suitable for high-quality commercial printing applications requiring superior image sharpness and consistency, whereas office-based presses are appropriate for routine office and short-run printing where moderate print quality is acceptable. This study provides valuable insights for selecting appropriate printing systems and substrates to achieve optimum print-edge quality in digital electrophotographic printing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bijender, Vishnu Bhambhu, Ankit Boora https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
मध्यकालीन भारत में मंदिर अर्थव्यवस्था और स्थानीय समाज: संरक्षण, भूमि तथा अनुष्ठानिक शक्ति का ऐतिहासिक विश्लेषण
मध्यकालीन भारत के मंदिरों को केवल पूजा-स्थल के रूप में देखना उनके ऐतिहासिक महत्व को सीमित कर देता है। विशेषतः सातवीं से तेरहवीं शताब्दी के बीच मंदिर भूमि-अनुदान, कृषि-अधिशेष, दान, शिल्प, व्यापार, रोजगार, लेखांकन और स्थानीय प्रशासन को जोड़ने वाले संस्थागत केंद्र बने। यह शोध-पत्र मंदिर अर्थव्यवस्था की संरचना का विश्लेषण करते हुए स्पष्ट करता है कि राजकीय संरक्षण और निजी दान ने मंदिरों को संसाधनों का स्वामी ही नहीं बनाया, बल्कि उन्हें स्थानीय समाज में संसाधन-वितरण, प्रतिष्ठा-निर्माण और विवाद-नियमन की क्षमता भी प्रदान की। ब्रह्मदेय, देवदान, देवद्रव्य और कर-मुक्त ग्रामों से जुड़ी व्यवस्थाओं ने कृषि-विस्तार तथा ग्रामीण संगठन को प्रोत्साहित किया, किंतु साथ ही अधिकारों की असमानता, श्रम-अधीनता और जातिगत अनुक्रम को भी सुदृढ़ किया। चोल, पल्लव, चालुक्य, राष्ट्रकूट, पाल, सेन, गहड़वाल और राजपूत संदर्भों की तुलना से यह सामने आता है कि मंदिरों की आर्थिक भूमिका क्षेत्रानुसार भिन्न थी; फिर भी भूमि, अनुष्ठान और राजनीतिक वैधता के बीच अंतर्संबंध व्यापक रूप से विद्यमान रहा। अभिलेखीय, स्थापत्य और आधुनिक इतिहासलेखन के तुलनात्मक अध्ययन पर आधारित यह लेख मंदिर को एक बहुस्तरीय संस्था के रूप में व्याख्यायित करता है, जहाँ पवित्रता और भौतिक संसाधन परस्पर विरोधी नहीं, बल्कि एक-दूसरे को वैधता देने वाली शक्तियाँ थीं।
Copyright (c) 2026 Ankit Rajal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Cultural Beliefs and Practices Regarding Mental Illness Among Adults in Pokhara, Nepal: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
This study explored the cultural beliefs and practices, coping strategies, and social support among individuals with mental illness in the community. Data were collected from 150 participants, focusing on the types of coping strategies employed, perceptions of mental illness, sources of help, and the role of cultural beliefs. Findings revealed a diversity of coping mechanisms, with 30 participants relying on emotional support and 30 participants instrumental support, 15 behavioral non-engagement, and 20 participant humor or religious practices.15 participants Self-blame, 15 participant substance use, while 25 participants utilized other coping strategies. These results highlight the predominance of social, behavioral, and religious coping methods in managing mental health challenges. Regarding help-seeking behavior, approximately 10% of participants reported consulting traditional spiritual healers (“Dhami”), demonstrating the enduring influence of cultural and religious practices. Family responses indicated that 30% hospital or medical care, 10% approached traditional healers, and 15% turned to religious interventions, while smaller proportions 5% ignored the illness. Participants’ beliefs about the causes of mental illness varied: 5% attributed it to stress and life problems, 5% to evil spirits, 10 % to medical or biological factors, 5% to karma or past sins, and 5% to witchcraft (Boksi), indicating that traditional and cultural interpretations remain significant alongside modern medical explanations. Mental illness is widely influenced by cultural beliefs and practices, particularly in developing countries like Nepal. This study aims to explore the relationship between cultural beliefs, practices, and mental illness among the population of Pokhara Metropolitan City. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from community participants through structured questionnaires. The study examines common cultural perceptions, including beliefs in supernatural causes, stigma, and reliance on traditional healers such as dhami-jhakri.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pabita Poudel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Human-in-the-Loop Safety, Explainability, and Governance Blueprint for Agentic Salesforce Healthcare CRMs in Regulated Care Operations
Agentic artificial intelligence is transforming Salesforce Healthcare Customer Relationship Management (CRM) platforms by enabling intelligent decision-making, workflow orchestration, and personalized care operations. However, the increasing autonomy of AI systems in regulated healthcare environments introduces significant challenges related to explainability, accountability, privacy, auditability, and compliance. This paper proposes a comprehensive governance blueprint for the safe deployment of agentic Salesforce Healthcare CRM systems through a Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) framework. The proposed architecture integrates four core layers—data integrity, intelligence and orchestration, governance and observability, and human oversight—to ensure responsible AI adoption across healthcare operations. A risk-based operating model categorizes AI-driven actions into low-, medium-, and high-risk tiers, aligning each with appropriate monitoring, approval, and escalation mechanisms. The framework further incorporates governance-by-design principles, zero-trust security, consent-aware data management, and continuous feedback loops to strengthen operational resilience. The proposed blueprint provides healthcare organizations with a practical roadmap for achieving trustworthy, explainable, compliant, and scalable agentic CRM implementations while maintaining human accountability and improving governance maturity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Susil Sahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Recent Progress in Solar Cell Physics: Materials, Efficiency, and Emerging Trends
This review paper provides a concise review of the recent developments in the physics of solar cells, in materials, efficiency enhancement, and technological trends. The paper discusses the working principle and historical evolution of the photovoltaic technology, as well as the various kinds of solar cells, including crystalline silicon, thin-film, perovskite, and organic photovoltaics. Notable gains in efficiency and performance have also been achieved through significant advances in material science and the device architecture, including PERC technology, tandem cells, and multi-junction designs. In the review, the significance of nanotechnology and improved fabrication strategies in improving the performance of solar cells is also mentioned. Even with these developments, issues like stability, cost, scalability and environmental impact are critical issues. This paper gives an insight into future prospects of developing efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable solar energy system by identifying research gaps and analyzing the current trends.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vishal Pathak, Kumar Kinjalk Bhardwaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0