International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management
IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Indexed Quarterly Journal International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering, and Management (IJISEM) is an open-access publication overseen by IJISEM Journals. It is dedicated to fostering the interests of emerging and promising writers. IJISEM endeavors to transcend geographical boundaries by welcoming contributions from professionals and academics worldwide, not limited to India. We thus adopted the term International as our motto and used it in the title of our journal. We are dedicated to fostering innovation and excellence across scientific, engineering, and management disciplines through our commitment to sharing knowledge. The publication focuses on research and intellectual viewpoints in order to achieve this goal. Realistic analysis, interdisciplinary/applied/methodological, empirical evidence production and utilization, critical viewpoint development and policy building work are all welcome in achieving this goal. IJISEM aims to provide a platform for doctoral researchers to showcase their investigations and disseminate their research findings and knowledge to a wider audience. IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering and Management Title IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management Frequency Quarterly (July, October, January and April) ISSN 2583 – 7117 Publication Format Online Chief Editor Dr. Rajesh Gupta Publisher Yogesh Sharma, M.Tech (Industrial Design) Subject Multidisciplinary Published by IJISEM Journals Starting Year 2022 E-Mail editor@ijisem.com Mobile No (+91) 70893666889 Mobile No (+91) 9981622288 Publishing Body AG Publishing House Language Multiple Languages Copyright AG Publishing House Website http://www.ijisem.com/ Address IJISEM Journals 57-First Floor, Susheela Bhawan, Priyadarshini Phase-3, near Meenakshi Planet City, Bagmugaliya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462043
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Integrating Deep CNN Features with Classical Statistical Regression for Interpretable and Uncertainty-Aware Image Classification
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve state-of-the-art performance in image classification tasks, particularly in medical imaging. However, their limited interpretability and lack of formal statistical inference restrict their adoption in high-stakes clinical and regulatory settings. This study proposes a hybrid two-stage framework integrating CNN-derived embeddings with classical statistical regression models to produce interpretable prediction systems with valid confidence intervals. Using a publicly available chest X-ray dataset, deep features extracted from a fine-tuned ResNet architecture were incorporated into logistic and mixed-effects regression models. Bootstrap resampling and permutation testing were employed to quantify uncertainty and compare model performance. Results demonstrate that the hybrid framework maintains competitive predictive accuracy while enabling estimation of odds ratios, hypothesis testing, and calibrated probability outputs. This integration bridges modern deep learning with classical statistical methodology and provides a pathway toward transparent and trustworthy AI deployment
Copyright (c) 2026 Lalit Kumar Rawat, Anil Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The E-Commerce Experience Trap: Psychological Effects of Online Shopping on Generation Z
The emergence of e-commerce platforms has largely changed the level of consumer buying behavior especially the generation Z consumers who are heavily concentrated in the digital world. Interactive capabilities, which have been actively used on online shopping platforms in recent years, are personalized recommendations, influencer marketing, flash sales, and targeted advertisements, to increase user engagement and output buying. Although these solutions enhance convenience and accessibility, they can also form what can be termed as the E-Commerce Experience Trap where consumers fall into a psychological trap of being driven by design and persuasion mechanism of online shopping settings. In this review paper, the psychological impacts of online shopping on Generation Z are analyzed considering the critical factors driving this phenomenon, which include emotional triggers, fear of missing out (FOMO), social proof, personalization algorithm, and instant gratification. Other aspects examined in the study include the impact of social media and influencer marketing on consumer decision-making. Through synthesis of the available literature, the review points out the opportunities and threats linked to immersive e-commerce experiences and stresses on the necessity of responsible digital marketing and enhanced consumer awareness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deepak Bisht, Puskar Negi, Atul Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect Of Online Reviews And Social Media Recommendations On Consumer Purchase Decisions
Purchasing behaviour among consumers has been overhauled by the high rate at which digital technologies and social networking platforms are evolving. This paper investigates the impact of the online reviews and social media recommendations on consumers buying decisions through a descriptive and analytical research methodology based on secondary data collected. The analysis will be organized on a standardized set of 100 digital purchase cases to investigate the relative role of various sources of information, review valence, decision-making stages, and social media types of influence. The results showed that online reviews can and do have the greatest impact on the decision to buy, then social media recommendations, and finally, traditional advertising has a relatively weak influence. Favorable reviews greatly improve the probability of buying and unfavourable reviews discourage consumers to carry out the purchases. It is also found that digital recommendations have the most significant influence on the information search and evaluation phases of the consumer decision-making process. The endorsement of influencers and peer recommendations is more convincing compared to brand-created content, which speaks of the need to be credible and authentic in digital communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nupur Srivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Consumer Attitude Towards Social Media Advertising And Its Impact On Buying Behaviour
The fast advancement of digital technology has brought a lot of change to the marketing practice as social media has become one of the major advertising platforms. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the consumer attitude regarding social media advertising and the effects of advertising on purchasing behaviour. The academic analytical results are based on assessing consumer exposure to social media advertisements, their attitudes to social media advertising, the degree of impact on purchase decisions, and the degree to which the advertisement elicits actual buying behaviour using a sample size of 120 observations. The results suggest that most of the consumers are often exposed to the social media adverts and have a positive attitude towards the adverts. Also, social media advertisement shows a significant impact on the choice of purchases and real purchase behaviour. The research is conclusive that the consumer attitude towards social media advertising is a major influence on the purchase intention and buying behaviour and consequently, the social media is an effective strategic marketing instrument in the current digital market.
बुन्देलखण्ड के प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल एवं पर्यटन क्षेत्र में संभावनाएं
भौगोलिक दृष्टि से बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र का विस्तार उत्तर प्रदेश के साथ ही मध्य प्रदेश में भी है। उत्तर प्रदेश के 7 और मध्य प्रदेश के 6 जिलों को आच्छादित करता बुन्देलखण्ड प्राचीन काल से ही अपनी गौरवपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक और प्राकृतिक महत्त्व के कारण अपनी पहचान बनाये हुए है। खनिज संपदा की दृष्टि से यह क्षेत्र अत्यधिक समृद्ध है। बुंदेलों, चंदेलों और मराठाओं की अमर गाथाओं को, उनके द्वारा बनाये गये किले और मंदिर समूहों की प्राचीरें आज भी जीवंत करती हैं। विविध आयामों को स्वयं में समेटे हुए बुन्देलखण्ड में पर्यटन की असीम संभावनाएं हैं। ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक और प्राकृतिक दृष्टि से अनेक दर्शनीय स्थल यहाँ विद्यमान हैं; जैसे- झाँसी का किला, ग्वालियर का किला, ओरछा का किला और रामराजा मंदिर, पन्ना टाइगर रिजर्व, रानीपुर टाइगर रिजर्व, खजुराहो के मंदिर समूह, चित्रकूट धाम, सोनागिरी, दतिया आदि हाल ही में माननीय प्रधानमंत्री जी द्वारा इस क्षेत्र में पर्यटन विकास पर बल दिया गया। इसके आलोक में उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार दवारा बुन्देलखण्ड को पर्यटन के क्षेत्र में ग्रोथ इंजन बनाने का प्रयास किया जा रहा है। बुन्देलखण्ड गौरव महोत्सव कार्यक्रम भी इसी का हिस्सा है, जिसे 23 जनवरी से 18 फरवरी के बीच उत्तर प्रदेश एक बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र के कई जिलों में मनाया गया। इसके माध्यम से सैलानियों को राजाओं की वीरगाथाओं और प्रकृति के मनमोहक रूप से परिचित का प्रयास किया गया है। घरेलू और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सैलानियों को आकर्षित करने के लिए बुन्देलखण्ड के दर्शनीय स्थलों को बेहतर रेल और हवाई कनेक्टिविटी प्रदान करने के साथ ही सुविधाओं में भी आमूल-चूल सुधार करने की आवश्यकता है। इस क्षेत्र से पलायन की समस्या को समाप्त करने में पर्यटन उद्योग रूपान्तरकारी परिवर्तन लाने में सक्षम है। आवश्यकता यह भी है कि इस क्षेत्र की लोक संस्कृति और गुमनाम ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक और प्राकृतिक स्थलों का व्यापक प्रचार-प्रसार करके वहाँ पर मानक सुविधाओं को स्थापित करते हुए सैलानियों को आकर्षित किया जाए। टूर और ट्रैवल्स कंपनियों को बुन्देलखण्ड क्षेत्र में सैलानियों को लाने के लिए विशेष पैकेज देने की पेशकस करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जा सकता है।.
Copyright (c) 2026 रंजीत कुमार, पवन कुमार https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The relationship between menopausal experiences and psychological well-being, and the moderating role of socio-cultural factors for women in Sri Lanka.(A review of the literature)
“How menopause expresses itself in your body can depend upon genetics; lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, and reproductive history; and influences like weight/BMI, climate, socio-economic status, and even cultural beliefs and attitudes around menopause” (Haver, M.C. 2025). According to Dr. Haver, menopause is not only a natural reproductive phenomenon. It is a critical transition in a woman’s life, often accompanied by profound psychological and emotional challenges such as depression, anxiety, and stress. While global literature has explored these mental health aspects extensively, there is a noticeable gap in research focused on the experiences of women in Sri Lanka. This review paper examines the psychological impact of menopause worldwide and the unique socio-cultural context of Sri Lankan society. For this review, a narrative literature review methodology was used. Relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2005 and 2025 were identified through database searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords related to menopause, psychological well-being, depression, anxiety, stress, and socio-cultural factors. Articles relevant to South Asian and Sri Lankan women were prioritized. It discusses the research background, methodologies, findings, and recommendations through a literature review. Furthermore, this paper examines how the existing Sri Lankan literature on cultural beliefs, family dynamics, social expectations, and access to healthcare influences women's experiences and management of menopausal symptoms. The paper highlights significant gaps in the local literature, including the culturally adapted mental health assessments and limited public awareness. Drawing on international and regional studies, the review highlights the importance of culturally sensitive mental health services, awareness campaigns, and inclusive healthcare policies. By contextualizing menopause in Sri Lanka, this paper provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to enhance the psychological well-being of menopausal women in the country.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samanthika Chathurani Rupasinghe, Shahnaz Sheibani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A review on Machine Learning Approaches for Identifying and Preventing Cyber Attacks
The dynamic nature of cyber threats has brought in the need to come up with intelligent and adaptive security measures other than the conventional rule-based systems. Machine Learning (ML) has become a ground-breaking method to detect and prevent cyber attacks allowing recognition of patterns, detecting anomalies, and predictive threat analysis with the use of automated machines. The review paper presents an in-depth analysis of ML methods deployed to resolve cybersecurity issues, such as supervised, unsupervised, and deep-learning models, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and ensemble models. The paper examines how they have been used to detect various cyber threats, including DDoS, malware, phishing, ransomware, attacks on IoT, and attacks on the supply chain. In addition, the paper also surveys the latest literature, benchmark datasets, assessment metrics, and comparison of the performance of the current models. The major challenges, such as data imbalance, adversarial manipulation, model bias, privacy concerns, and scalability issues, are also presented. The review identifies the recent progress and specifies the research prospects to enhance more resilient and adaptive cybersecurity infrastructure based on ML.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ujjawal Valiya, Deepak Kumar Gupta, Archana Jain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Social Sustainability in Hospitality: Transgender Inclusion as a Pathway to Sustainable Development
The article discussed the Social Sustainability in Hospitality: Transgender Inclusion as a Pathway to Sustainable Development, and as the author remarks, inclusive institutional practices can lead to long-term social equity in the hospitality sector. Based on the analysis of interdisciplinary literature, policy framework, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the paper examines the historical marginalization of transgender communities, the changing status of legal recognition, diversity management practices, and HRM strategies. The results show that the concept of social sustainability reaches past the environmental and economic aspects to privacy, equity and institutional responsibility. In spite of progressive laws and organizational efforts, systemic barriers, stigmatization, and implementation do not allow being successfully included meaningfully. Considering the service nature and people-oriented nature of the hospitality industry, it has a transformative potential in terms of promoting gender justice by formulating inclusive policies, sensitizing, and by facilitating enabling workplace cultures. By aligning diversity management with SDGs, and especially Goals 5, 10 and 16, social cohesion will be enhanced and equitable participation ensured. The review highlights the importance of institutionalizing gender-heterogeneous identities on the governance frameworks of hospitality system as a means of sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjit Kumar, Monika Singh, GK Sreenivasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Review on Effect of Geometric Parameter of Shell and Tube on PCM In Latent Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal energy storage is crucial for balancing energy demand and supply, maintaining system stability, and enhancing the utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources. Phase Change Material (PCM)-based thermal energy storage has significant potential to meet large-scale energy demands while providing economic and environmental benefits. This paper reviews research focused on improving heat transfer between PCM and hot fluid in shell and tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) units. It concludes that in LTES systems with multiple Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) tubes, heat transfer can be enhanced by orienting the tubes in an upward and downward V shape. Additionally, incorporating various fin shapes increases the PCM melting rate. Splitting a single inner tube into multiple tubes also improves heat transfer efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shivendra Singh, Md. Zaid Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Influence Of Social Media Influencers On Tourism Choices And Hotel Bookings
The rapid growth of digital technology and social media platforms has had a great influence on the marketing practice in the tourism and hospitality sector. This is a review paper that focuses on how social media influencers (SMIs) affect tourism decisions and hotel booking behavior through the synthesis of previous studies and analytical research. The research examines the concept and the role of the influencers, the rise of the influencer marketing as a sub-discipline in the tourism sector, and its effect on the destination image development, travel intentions, and accommodation selection. Results suggest that influencer credibility, authenticity, style of communication, and brand alignment have a significant impact on consumer perceptions and interest, especially in Millennials and Generation Z, whereas platform-specific and psychological variables are emotional connection and FOMO, which further boost travel motivation. Nevertheless, the fact that booking-decisions are still affected by the price, location, and online-reviews. The review concludes that it is necessary to have transparent, strategically formulated and value-compliant influencer partnerships that can improve tourism demand, hotel bookings and the sustainable competitive advantage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranjit Kumar, Ayush Saxena, Aastha Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Management Study of Employee Retention Practices in Baloda Bazar-Bhatapara, Chhattisgarh with special Reference to Shree Cement
Organizational stability is critical for bolstering India's road to self-sufficient growth, particularly in the growing manufacturing sector. Employee retention is critical in this process since keeping skilled and experienced staff improves workforce continuity, productivity, and long-term competitiveness while reducing operational disruptions. This study looks at staff retention techniques at Shree Cement in Baloda Bazar-Bhatpara, Chhattisgarh, and evaluates their impact on organizational stability. A descriptive research design was used, with primary data from 150 employees obtained via structured questionnaires, supplemented by secondary information from journals, corporate reports, and published literature. The findings indicate that salary, opportunities for growth, training, and a supportive work environment all have a major impact on employee retention and organizational stability. A strong positive association was found between successful retention tactics and organizational performance, demonstrating that employee-centric HR policies reduce turnover and increase stability. The study indicates that strategic employee retention promotes both long-term organizational success and India's overall goal of self-reliance by increasing human capital and industrial resilience, while also providing practical recommendations for improving retention methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Simran Chawla, Sharad Kumar Dewangan, Ashok Verma, Rohan Agrawal, Dr. Bhavar Singh Porte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Factors Influencing the Use of Selected Medicinal Plants Endorsed by Government Programs
This study examines the factors influencing the use of selected medicinal plants endorsed by government programs. Using a survey methodology, data were collected from 260 respondents through a structured questionnaire comprising demographic information and statements measured on a five-point Likert scale. The study investigates awareness levels, government initiatives, adoption behavior, and perceived effectiveness of medicinal plants. Descriptive statistics revealed moderate to strong awareness and positive perceptions regarding government-promoted plants, while ANOVA and correlation analyses demonstrated significant relationships between awareness, government initiatives, perceived effectiveness, and actual usage. Awareness levels and perceived effectiveness significantly impacted the adoption of medicinal plants, and government initiatives showed a very strong positive association with utilization patterns. The findings highlight the importance of awareness campaigns, accessibility, and effective policy measures in promoting the use of medicinal plants for preventive and general healthcare. The study provides insights for policymakers and health authorities to enhance public engagement with government-endorsed medicinal plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Madhu Dubey Swarnkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Over the past decade, the growth of eSports in India has been remarkable, driven by the expansion of competitive gaming cultures, the penetration of the internet, and technological advancements. This paper explores the factors contributing to the rapid expansion of the eSports ecosystem in India, including the proliferation of affordable smartphones, the impact of government initiatives, and the role of private investments. It examines the key stakeholders such as players, game developers, sponsors, and tournament organizers, and how their collaboration has fostered a vibrant gaming community. The study also examines how eSports has created new avenues for employment, ranging from professional gamers to content creators, tournament organizers, and gaming analysts. It sheds light on how this growth has engaged India’s youth, provided them with alternative career paths, and fostered a competitive environment. Moreover, the research explores the role of eSports in enhancing India’s digital economy and its potential to contribute to global eSports revenues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Satish Manwani, Abhishek Jain, Pankaj Sharma, Sahil Patel, Shivam Agrawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Psychological Ownership And Its Influence On Employee Commitment
This study explores the concept of psychological ownership and its influence on employee commitment and engagement in organizations. Psychological ownership refers to the sense of possession and personal attachment that employees feel toward their work and organization. A survey-based research method was used, collecting data from 350 employees through a structured questionnaire. The analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation, and ANOVA to examine relationships and impacts. Findings revealed that employees generally exhibit a moderate to high level of psychological ownership, which is significantly related to both employee commitment and engagement. Psychological ownership was found to have a strong positive effect on engagement, and engaged employees demonstrated higher levels of commitment. These results indicate that fostering psychological ownership can enhance employee involvement, motivation, and loyalty, contributing to organizational effectiveness. The study emphasizes the importance of strategies that encourage ownership and emotional connection among employees for sustained organizational success.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunil Jagannath Ghadge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Role of Yoga in the Treatment of Mental Illness: A Philosophical Evaluation
The paper “Role of Yoga in the Treatment of Mental Illness: A Philosophical Evaluation” explores yoga as a multidimensional therapeutic system addressing the cognitive, affective, physiological, and existential dimensions of mental illness. Moving beyond its popular physical connotations, yoga is examined here as an integrated discipline grounded in Indian philosophical traditions - especially the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali - which conceive mental suffering (duḥkha) as rooted in cognitive distortion (avidyā) and emotional affliction (kleśa). Through philosophical and clinical lenses, the study evaluates how yogic practices such as āsana (posture), prāṇāyāma (breath regulation), dhyāna (meditation), and ethical self-discipline (yama-niyama) can contribute to the alleviation of disorders like depression, anxiety, trauma, and psychosomatic distress. Philosophically, yoga offers an ontological and epistemological framework in which the mind-body relationship is non-dualistic and dynamic, emphasizing the transformative potential of awareness and disciplined embodiment. This paper critically examines the mechanisms proposed for yoga’s therapeutic efficacy - attention regulation, autonomic balance, behavioural reconditioning, and meaning reconstruction - while situating them within broader discussions in philosophy of mind and psychiatry. The ethical implications of integrating yoga into clinical care are also analysed, including concerns of cultural appropriation, informed consent, and the normative aims of healing versus liberation (mokṣa). By synthesizing traditional insights and contemporary psychological models, the study argues that yoga represents not merely an alternative technique but a comprehensive philosophy of healing, harmonizing the empirical and the spiritual. Its ultimate value in mental health care lies in restoring balance, clarity, and self-awareness - foundations for both psychological well-being and moral self-realization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjay Kumar Tiwari, Shashwat Tiwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Circular Economy and Urban Self-Reliance: Case Study of Urban Settlements in Western Maharashtra
Urbanization in India is accelerating rapidly, often leading to unplanned development, strained infrastructure, and diminished livability in urban areas. This research investigates the concept of self-reliant cities as a sustainable solution to these challenges, focusing on the city of Baramati in Western Maharashtra. Through an in-depth analysis of affordable housing, inclusive community development, and local governance, the study examines how cities can transition toward self-reliance using integrated urban planning. The findings reveal significant growth in built-up areas, accompanied by a decline in tree and agricultural cover, underscoring the urgency of sustainable planning. Case studies such as Magarpatta City in Pune illustrate successful models of community-driven development, renewable energy integration, and decentralized services. The study concludes with actionable recommendations for local governments, planners, and communities to adopt resilient, inclusive, and resource-efficient strategies aligned with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat vision and UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jadhav Rajshree, Kumthekar Madhav, Narkhede Parag, Anil Achut Kunte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Quality by Design (QbD) Assisted Formulation and Development of Microsphere Containing Beta-Sitosterol by Design of Expert (DoE) Approach
The present study focuses on the Quality by Design (QbD)–assisted formulation and optimization of beta-sitosterol-loaded microspheres using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Beta-sitosterol, a bioactive phytosterol with proven therapeutic potential, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, microspheres were developed using the emulsion solvent evaporation technique with Eudragit RS100 as the polymer. A Box-Behnken design was employed to systematically evaluate the effect of critical formulation variables, namely polymer concentration, surfactant concentration, and stirring time, on particle size and entrapment efficiency. The optimized microsphere formulation exhibited nanosized particles with high drug entrapment efficiency and controlled drug release behavior. Preformulation, physicochemical characterization, in vitro release, antimicrobial activity, and stability studies confirmed the suitability and stability of the developed system. Overall, the QbD–DoE approach proved effective in developing a robust and reproducible beta-sitosterol microsphere formulation with improved delivery characteristics and potential therapeutic applicability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amritansh Sinha, Ravi Prakash, B.K. Arjariy, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
From Crisis to Capability: A Review of Sri Lanka's Startup Ecosystem
Developing economies' startup ecosystems face significant challenges during economic crises, yet their adaptive mechanisms remain underexplored. This narrative review examines Sri Lanka's startup eco- system evolution during the 2019-2023 economic crisis—characterized by sovereign debt default, currency collapse, hyperinflation peaking at approximately 70% in September 2022 and severe resource shortages. Synthesizing 52 sources (31 peer-reviewed articles, 14 policy reports, 7 industry analyses) published between 2020-2025, we identify three primary adaptation mechanisms: digital transformation enabling global market access and foreign exchange generation; necessity-based entrepreneurship driving resource-constrained innovation; and institutional support networks (incubators, accelerators, diaspora connections) compensating for policy fragmentation. Fintech, aggrotech, health tech, and export-oriented digital services demonstrated notable resilience. However, long-term sustainability faces constraints including geographic concentration in Colombo, limited early-stage capital, policy fragmentation, and inadequate rural infrastructure. This review contributes to entrepreneurship literature by demonstrating how crisis conditions can catalyze strategic reorientation rather than merely destroying entrepreneurial capacity. For policymakers, priority areas include developing cohesive national startup policies, improving risk capital access, streamlining regulations, and decentralizing support infrastructure. Future research should examine long-term sustainability of crisis-induced adaptations, comparative analyses across similar economies, and sector-specific resilience patterns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abeysinghe AMDDK, Swapan Kumar Majumdar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Payment Systems Research: A Review of Empirical Studies
When provided effectively and responsively in a structured setting, digital financial services like mobile money, digital payments, and more recent digital payment systems or financial technology will allow a nation to thrive and meet its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) more quickly. This review paper focuses on empirical studies of the evolution, adoption and impact of digital payment systems, with a particular focus on India. It delves into the factors of technological innovations, government policies, financial technology (fintech) innovations, and the impact of the coronavirus on accelerating the adoption of digital payments. The research also examines consumer perceptions and adoption determinants, as well as major challenges including security, infrastructure and financial literacy. Emerging trends such as UPI, digital wallets, cryptocurrencies, CBDCs and buy now pay later models are addressed. The review emphasises the increasing importance of digital payments for financial inclusion, economic efficiency and sustainable digital transformation
Digital Marketing ROI Financial Evaluation of Online Campaigns
Digital marketing has become a dominant promotional strategy in the modern business environment due to rapid technological advancement and widespread internet usage. Despite increased adoption, many organizations remain uncertain about the financial returns generated from digital marketing investments. This review paper examines the concept of Digital Marketing Return on Investment (ROI) and evaluates the financial effectiveness of online campaigns across major digital channels. It discusses key financial metrics such as ROI, ROAS, CAC, CPL, and CLV, while highlighting challenges related to attribution, data integration, and intangible benefits. The study also reviews emerging trends and analytical approaches for improving ROI measurement and strategic decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahesh Dutta Mishra, Amar Singh Rathore, Dr. Abhishek Jain, Dr. Satish Manwani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analyzing Customer Churn in Telecommunications: Insights from Data Patterns and Trends
Customer churn has become a major issue for the telecom industry as the cost of getting new customers is much higher than that of keeping the existing ones. The patterns of churn are not straightforward and are affected by demographic, behavioral, and regional factors, which in turn interact in subtle ways. A thorough and descriptive analysis is carried out in this research using a real-world telecom dataset to identify the impact that a person’s age, gender, state or region, tenure, calls made, SMS usage and data consumption have on a person's decision to churn. The dataset goes through cleaning, processing and enrichment with engineered features in the form of tenure and age groups which allows for a deeper analytical insight. This study that focuses on three core research questions uncovers the following very clear churn patterns: young and mid-age groups have a higher propensity to churn, low-usage customers quit faster, and some states have consistently high churn rates due to regional competition. The results emphasize the significance of having the basic descriptive analytics before moving on to predictive modeling and also point out the demographic, behavioral, geographic dimensions which are vital for telecom retention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 AG Volumes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biodegradable Polymers, Synthesis Properties and Applications
People's perceptions about biodegradable materials have steadily changed as science and technology have advanced. Biodegradable materials often have a high percentage of polymers, many of which may be synthesised chemically. The manufacturing method is straightforward, and certain basic ingredients are inexpensive to get. The synthesis properties, applications, and perspectives of biodegradable polymers are the subject of this article, which reviews the related literature. This review highlights that biodegradable polymers such as PLA, PHA, PCL, PBS, and PBAT derived from renewable resources offer sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Advances in synthesis techniques, including enzyme-catalyzed polycondensation, ring-opening polymerization, and copolymerization, have enhanced their thermal, mechanical, and degradation properties. Applications extend from packaging to biomedical fields, particularly in drug delivery and tissue engineering, where 3D bioprinting has shown great promise. Despite challenges in cost, scalability, and controlled degradation, biodegradable polymers demonstrate significant potential for reducing plastic pollution. Future research should focus on optimizing performance, standardizing processes, and developing multifunctional composites for broader industrial and medical applications.
Machine Learning Driven Groundwater Quality Classification with Model Inter­pretability Using SHAP
The experimental evaluation of the suggested CatBoost-based groundwater quality classification system has proven discriminative power and positive generalization capacity. The model gets a score of 0.9730 accuracy, which implies that most samples of groundwater are classified correctly in either producing or not producing categories. This high accuracy is due to the model's very good ability to learn all the complicated nonlinear relationships among hydrochemical parameters and also to its performing well across the training and testing datasets. The F1-score of 0.9375 that was obtained additionally indicates a very good trade-off between precision and recall, which is a very crucial factor in groundwater quality assessment where the imbalance between classes is common and misclassification can come with serious environmental and agricultural risks. The analysis of the confusion matrix has reinforced these results by indicating that false negatives were very infrequently happening, thus making it less possible that unsatisfactory groundwater will be wrongly classified as good. This kind of dependability is very important for protecting the irrigation methods and for securing the health of the population. What is more, not only is the predictive performance powerful, but also the interpretability analysis via SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) discloses that salinity-related parameters, sodium hazard indicators, groundwater level conditions, and dissolved constituents are the main drivers in deciding the groundwater suitability. The correlation of these significant features with established hydrogeochemical knowledge backs up the scientific reliability of the model. To sum up, the attained accuracy and F1-score along with the transparent interpretability confirm that the proposed system is very effective and also suitable for practical application in real-world groundwater quality management
Skill Based Hiring Transformation Impact On Talent Acquisition And Internal Mobility
The role of recruitment transformation based on skills in internal mobility and acquisition of talents is addressed in an Indian organization in this study. The approach used in data collection was the mixed methods approach, in which 105 respondents were selected from different sectors like IT/ITeS, manufacturing, services, and education. According to the qualitative interviews where the contextual information was obtained, the quantitative analysis involved regressions, correlation, descriptive statistics, and the hypothesis test. The reliability analysis was applied to test the measurement scales to ensure that the measurement scales had strong internal consistency. The findings showed that the level of awareness and use of skill-based frameworks had better outcomes when compared to recruitment ones, i.e., diversity, retention, and quality of hiring. Essentially, the workers who had competency-based structures claimed to be more willing to advance their careers and be upskilled to improve the internal mobility. Organizational support was proven to have strategic value through the regression process, which indicated that the organizational support mediated the relationship between skill-based recruiting and the results of the employees. Skill-based recruiting, as the results of the research indicate, is a disruptive recruiting strategy that fuels both mobility and acquisition to place the companies in a scenario whereby they are able to generate flexible workforces that are capable of working in the future. Addressing the deficiencies in the local studies, the findings will be useful in the process of scholarly discussion, and there are certain recommendations that may be of use to the HR directors who are willing to introduce the skill-based frameworks as a component of recruiting and career advancement strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abhijaat Sahu, Somnath Datta, Joymalya Bhattacharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design Formulation, Development and Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Containing Fluconazole and Its Anti-Fungal Activity
though fluconazole is a commonly used triazole antifungal agent that works well against a variety of fungal infections, its low absorption and poor water solubility sometimes restrict its clinical performance. The present study aimed to design, develop, and optimize fluconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to enhance its antifungal efficacy. Using Tween 80 as the surfactant and stearic acid as the lipid, solid lipid nanoparticles were created by the solvent emulsification–evaporation method. Pre-formulation studies confirmed the purity, stability, and compatibility of fluconazole with selected excipients. The prepared SLN formulations were assessed for their "physical appearance, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, in vitro drug release, antifungal activity, and stability". The optimised formulation (SLNs-4) had the maximum entrapment efficiency of 94.76%, "a high negative zeta potential of −30.2 mV," suggesting strong colloidal stability, and a mean particle size of 164.27 nm. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release pattern, while antifungal evaluation against Candida albicans showed enhanced inhibitory activity compared to conventional fluconazole. The physical stability of the formulation under accelerated circumstances was validated by stability studies. Overall, fluconazole-loaded SLNs represent a promising nanocarrier system for improving antifungal therapy by enhancing drug stability, controlled release, and therapeutic effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sikesh Kumar Shah, B.K. Arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development And Charcterization of Oral Bioavailability Enhancing Formulation of Amaranthus Viridis Loaded Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicle
The present study focuses on the development and characterization of an oral bioavailability-enhancing formulation of Amaranthus viridis using non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes). Methanolic extraction of Amaranthus viridis leaves yielded a high concentration of bioactive phytoconstituents, including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and glycosides. The extract was successfully encapsulated into niosomes using the thin-film hydration method. The optimized formulation exhibited nanoscale particle size (~164 nm), high zeta potential (-38.6 mV), spherical morphology, and good physical stability. Quantitative analysis confirmed high phenolic and flavonoid content, contributing to antioxidant potential. The niosomal formulation showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to the plain extract. Stability studies indicated no significant changes in physical properties over 90 days under accelerated conditions. Overall, the results suggest that niosomal delivery of Amaranthus viridis extract is a promising approach to improve oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of plant-based formulations.
Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles (Niosomes)
Copyright (c) 2026 Dipesh Gour, B.K.arjariya, Praveen Bhawsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Comprehensive Review of Human Resource Development Practices and Their Impact on Employee Performance
Globalisation and technological advancements are impacting relationships and practices, the labour market is changing dramatically, and societies are becoming more diverse and global. Because of the rapid changes in the economy and the expansion of globalisation, employability is becoming a top concern for all organisations. The success of an organisation is largely dependent on the calibre of its human resources, and human resources development techniques can improve employee capabilities. This article addressed the concept, function, and importance of human resource development practices and their impact on employee performance. Evidence from various sectors—including universities, banking, and healthcare—consistently shows that HRD practices such as training, career development, counselling, teamwork, recruitment, compensation, and succession planning significantly improve job satisfaction, employee performance and overall performance. Effective human resources development programs also contribute to the development of workforce competencies that facilitate the smooth operation of the company.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kratika Baddpalli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Statistical Analysis of Economic Growth Trends in India
This study investigates the relationship between economic growth, employment opportunities, income levels, and the overall standard of living in India using a survey-based methodology. Primary data were collected from 280 respondents representing diverse socio-economic backgrounds through a structured questionnaire. The study employed descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and ANOVA to examine the impact and association of economic growth with employment, income, and living standards. The findings reveal that economic growth significantly influences employment opportunities, with growth in industries, private sector expansion, and government initiatives contributing to job creation. A strong positive correlation was observed between economic growth and respondents’ income levels, indicating that economic expansion directly enhances financial well-being. Additionally, economic growth was found to have a significant impact on the overall standard of living, improving access to healthcare, education, and basic facilities. While perceptions vary across specific dimensions, the results collectively highlight the critical role of economic growth in shaping socio-economic development. The study highlights the importance of inclusive growth strategies that ensure the benefits of economic progress are broadly shared across the population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arun Kumar Bharti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Advancing Hematological Diagnostics in Resource-Constrained Settings: A Robust Deep Learning Solution for Sickle Cell Anemia Screening
This study introduces a deep learning model for the identification of sickle cell anaemia (SCA) in red blood cell (RBC) images, with the objective of facilitating efficient diagnostics in resource-limited environments. The study used a DenseNet121-based convolutional neural network (CNN) with a custom classification head and a unique dataset of 691 images from Uganda's Teso region that were processed with Field and Leichman stains. The strong method included using RandomUnderSampler and SMOTE to fix class imbalance, as well as Albumentations to add more data to make the model more resistant to image variability, like differences in staining and blurry images. The model was trained with a 4-fold cross-validation method. In just nine epochs, it reached a peak training accuracy of 96.4% and a loss of 4.0153. This better efficiency and performance beat work that used an InceptionV3 model (91% accuracy, 28.7 loss, 100 epochs). The model's high accuracy and robustness suggest that it could be used in clinical settings in areas where SCA is common, which would be a big step forward for automated haematological diagnostics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Neelkamal Vishwakarma, Gunjan Kumar Mishra, Gaurav Chaubey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Review on Phytochemical Constituents and Anti-Urolithic Activity of Medicinal Plants
Urolithiasis remains a significant global health burden, characterized by the recurrent formation of crystalline calculi within the urinary tract. Despite advancements in lithotripsy and surgical interventions, these methods often fail to prevent recurrence and are associated with substantial costs. This review synthesizes current knowledge on medicinal plants as sustainable alternatives for the management of kidney stones. It explores the diverse phytochemical profiles of ethnomedicinal species, emphasizing the roles of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. These bioactive compounds exert anti-urolithiatic effects through multi-targeted mechanisms, including the inhibition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation, crystal growth, and aggregation, alongside potent diuretic and antioxidant activities. By examining both in vitro dissolution assays and in vivo rodent models, this paper highlights the synergistic potential of herbal formulations in mitigating oxidative stress and renal tissue damage. The findings underscore the necessity for standardized clinical trials to transition traditional botanical knowledge into evidence-based phytotherapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahesh Gupta, Priyanka More, Satkar Prasad, Khushboo Chouhan, Shailesh Ghatuary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0