International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management
IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management A Peer-reviewed Scholarly Indexed Quarterly Journal International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering, and Management (IJISEM) is an open-access publication overseen by IJISEM Journals. It is dedicated to fostering the interests of emerging and promising writers. IJISEM endeavors to transcend geographical boundaries by welcoming contributions from professionals and academics worldwide, not limited to India. We thus adopted the term International as our motto and used it in the title of our journal. We are dedicated to fostering innovation and excellence across scientific, engineering, and management disciplines through our commitment to sharing knowledge. The publication focuses on research and intellectual viewpoints in order to achieve this goal. Realistic analysis, interdisciplinary/applied/methodological, empirical evidence production and utilization, critical viewpoint development and policy building work are all welcome in achieving this goal. IJISEM aims to provide a platform for doctoral researchers to showcase their investigations and disseminate their research findings and knowledge to a wider audience. IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering and Management Title IJISEM International Journal of Innovations in Science, Engineering And Management Frequency Quarterly (July, October, January and April) ISSN 2583 – 7117 Publication Format Online Chief Editor Dr. Rajesh Gupta Publisher Yogesh Sharma, M.Tech (Industrial Design) Subject Multidisciplinary Published by IJISEM Journals Starting Year 2022 E-Mail editor@ijisem.com Mobile No (+91) 70893666889 Mobile No (+91) 9981622288 Publishing Body AG Publishing House Language Multiple Languages Copyright AG Publishing House Website http://www.ijisem.com/ Address IJISEM Journals 57-First Floor, Susheela Bhawan, Priyadarshini Phase-3, near Meenakshi Planet City, Bagmugaliya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462043
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Using FinTech Tools to Improve Financial Literacy: A Systematic Literature Review on Adoption and Challenges
The rapid expansion of Financial Technology (FinTech) has transformed the financial landscape by enhancing accessibility, efficiency, and financial inclusion through digital banking, mobile wallets, and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) platforms. However, the effectiveness of FinTech adoption depends significantly on users’ financial and digital literacy levels. This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 33 scholarly articles published between 2019 and 2025 to examine the relationship between FinTech adoption, financial literacy, digital literacy, and financial inclusion, with particular emphasis on emerging economies such as India. The review identifies three major themes: (i) adoption and utilization of FinTech tools, (ii) the impact of FinTech on financial literacy and financial behavior, and (iii) challenges affecting the effective use of digital financial services. Findings reveal that FinTech tools have significantly improved financial accessibility, reduced transaction costs, and promoted financial inclusion among diverse population groups. Financial literacy emerges as a critical determinant of adoption, influencing users’ confidence, trust, decision-making ability, and responsible financial behavior. Individuals possessing higher levels of financial and digital literacy demonstrate greater readiness to adopt FinTech services and are more likely to engage in saving, investment, and effective financial management practices. The review further highlights that vulnerable groups, including rural households, women entrepreneurs, and low-income consumers, continue to face barriers such as inadequate digital infrastructure, limited awareness, cybersecurity concerns, and socio-economic constraints. These challenges restrict the equitable benefits of digital financial innovations. The findings also indicate that sustainable FinTech adoption requires supportive regulatory frameworks, robust consumer protection mechanisms, digital education initiatives, and trust-building measures. The study concludes that FinTech should be viewed not merely as a technological innovation but as a catalyst for financial empowerment. Integrating financial and digital literacy into FinTech ecosystems is essential for achieving inclusive and sustainable financial development. Future research should explore long-term behavioral outcomes, trust dynamics, and intergenerational patterns of digital financial adoption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Himanshu Rai, Himanshi Gupta, Yogesh Sharma, Richa Jain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Deep Learning Based Real Time Phishing Website Detection System Using URL Features
One of the most common and detrimental cyber threats in today's digital world is still phishing websites. The threat actors using phishing techniques are simply faking the URLs of the trusted web services and getting the users' most sensitive information. Traditional methods of phishing detection have mostly been blacklisting and rule-based techniques. However, these methods are limited in facing dynamic and zero day phishing attacks due to their static characteristics. Researchers responded to these limitations by carrying out a thorough experimental study of a deep learning technique a powerful tool for real time detection of phishing sites where only the attributes within the URL are the sources. The presented mechanism extracts the lexical, structural, and statistical properties of URLs and does not depend on other sources such as webpage content analysis or external queries. The system takes advantage of a noise-eliminating preprocessing pipeline consisting of feature cleaning, normalization, and class imbalance handling through SMOTE. The process concludes with the design and optimization of a deep neural network for binary classification. The results of the experiments on the unseen dataset reveal that the system gets 95.07% accuracy, 95.69% precision, 96.38% recall, 95.03% F1-score, and AUC of 99.62%, which shows that it can detect effectively and also has good generalization. Besides, the system's inference latency is kept at a low level, thus making it appropriate for real-time use. A comparative evaluation indicates that the deep learning-based URL analysis is way better than the conventional machine learning techniques, thus providing a detection mechanism that is both scalable and efficient for practical phishing website detection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kuldeep Sisodiya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nano particle of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activity
A promising and adaptable drug delivery method that fills the gap between "polymeric nanoparticles" and "lipid emulsions" is solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). The goal of the current work was to formulate, optimize, and assess SLNs loaded with cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extract for increased antibacterial activity. Vaccinium macrocarpon, a member of the Ericaceae family, is renowned for its broad-spectrum antibacterial qualities, antioxidant potential, and high phenolic and flavonoid content. Methanol and petroleum ether were used as solvents in the soxhlet extraction process to create the extract. Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, phenolic chemicals, triterpenoids, and steroids were all found in the methanolic extract, according to phytochemical screening. The results showed that the "total flavonoid content (TFC)" was 15.23 mg per gram equivalent of rutin and the total phenolic content (TPC) was 62.03 mg per gram equivalent of gallic acid. "Compritol" was used as the "lipid phase" and "sodium lauryl sulphate" as the "surfactant" in the solvent evaporation process utilized to create SLNs. Lipid and surfactant amounts were varied to create five formulations (F1–F5). Malvern Zetasizer's particle size study showed sizes ranging from 574.2 to 993.4 nm; formulation F3 had the smallest particle size, measuring 574.2 nm. The range of zeta potential readings was "-1.2 mV to 5.3 mV". The smooth surface and spherical shape were verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity of optimized formulation "F3" against "Escherichia coli" was demonstrated by dose-dependent zones of inhibition measuring 7 mm, 10 mm, and 13 mm at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/mL, respectfully. The F3 formulation remained stable for a three-month period with no appreciable changes in size of particles or zeta potential, according to stability assays conducted under accelerated settings. The findings show that SLNs loaded with Vaccinium macrocarpon extract are a stable and practical nanoformulation with strong antibacterial activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diksha Gurjar, Brajesh Kumar Arjariya, Sheenam Mansuri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Intelligent Solar Panel Cleaning Robot for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
A critical factor degrading solar panel efficiency is the soiling effect the accumulation of dust, particulate matter, bird droppings, and environmental debris on the anti-reflective coating of PV modules. Such optical obstruction significantly attenuates incident photon irradiance, leading to power generation losses of up to 30% in arid and semi-arid regions. Conventional manual cleaning interventions are labor-intensive, hazardous, and highly water-inefficient, highlighting the critical need for automated alternatives. This research presents the design, development, and validation of an intelligent, autonomous, and resource efficient robotic cleaning system tailored for inclined PV arrays. The proposed architecture utilizes a low-cost, high efficiency processing unit Arduino integrated with a customized wheeled chassis optimized for the tilt angles of standard PV installations. Navigation and spatial boundary recognition are governed by an advanced array of ultrasonic and infrared (IR) edge-detection sensors, ensuring strict adherence to the panel perimeter and preventing catastrophic falls. The electro-mechanical cleaning mechanism employs a continuous rotary brush coupled with a dry-wipe methodology, drastically reducing water consumption. Experimental validation conducted on a specialized test rig demonstrates robust edge detection under varying ambient light conditions and reliable locomotion on inclinations up to 25 degrees. Comparative analysis of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics before and after automated cleaning revealed a substantial recovery in PV power output, validating the system's efficacy. Ultimately, this autonomous robotic paradigm presents a scalable, cost-effective solution for large-scale solar farms, substantially improving the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) while mitigating operational hazards and resource wastage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tirth kumar Hitendrabhai Patel, Nisarg Nishith kumar Parekh, Sahil kumar Dineshbhai Parmar, Pritkumar Patel, Apexa Purohit, Mayur Chavda, Mayank Dev Singh, Jai Bahadur Balwanshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysing Consumer Behaviour Patterns and Institutional Practices Towards E-Waste Disposal in Patna
With rising per capita income and improving living standards among Patna residents, the consumption of electronic goods has increased significantly. Rapid consumerism, coupled with the frequent introduction of advanced models of electronic appliances, has led consumers to replace older devices more often—thereby contributing to a continuous rise in e-waste generation. According to the WHO (2025), e-waste is the fastest-growing stream of solid waste globally. An IIT Patna report further indicates that Patna is the largest consumer of electronic goods in Bihar. The city hosts numerous IT companies, major corporate houses, business enterprises, and shopping malls. Although there are 142 authorised collection centers listed by the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and two electronic-waste recycling units in Patna, the infrastructure for formal e-waste recycling remains inadequate. While Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations are in place in the state, public awareness regarding e-waste disposal and recycling is low. A majority of consumers continue to discard e-waste through raddiwalas operating in the informal sector. This paper analyses consumer behaviour patterns and institutional policies and practices concerning e-waste disposal and management in Patna. The study is based on both primary and secondary data
Copyright (c) 2026 Kalpana Kumari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Green Commerce in the Digital Age: The Role of E-commerce Platforms in Promoting Sustainable Consumption
During the digital transformation era, e-commerce has become a pivotal driver in shaping consumer behaviour and advancing market sustainability. The study examines how online retail and AI-driven marketing stimulate eco-friendly buying behaviour. With the growing integration of artificial intelligence, recommendation algorithms, and personalised marketing strategies, e-commerce platforms possess remarkable potential to encourage environmentally responsible consumer choices. Additionally, the adoption of green digital innovations—such as carbon footprint calculators, eco-labelling, and sustainable product filters—has transformed the way consumers identify and engage with sustainable products. The study also highlights the increasing implication of corporate transparency and digital sustainability reporting, which enhances consumer trust and strengthens brand loyalty. As e-commerce continues to evolve as a catalyst for sustainable consumption, evaluating its contribution to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) becomes essential for fostering global environmental and economic resilience. The objective of this research paper is to study the influence of AI-driven marketing and recommendation algorithms on consumers’ eco-friendly purchasing behaviour in e-commerce platforms and also to assess the relationship between consumer awareness, trust in sustainability claims and their willingness to purchase green products online, which will help to analyse the impact of digital transparency features for promoting sustainable consumption through e-commerce and to study these responses, data is collected both primary data in the form of a questionnaire and secondary data through journals, research papers and different articles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rachna Thakkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Explainable Quantum-Optimized Efficient Net Framework For Multi-Class Disaster Image Classification
Disaster detection needs to happen accurately and instantly because it helps to reduce human deaths and financial losses and environmental destruction. Satellite remote sensing and artificial intelligence advancements have created better systems which can automatically identify disasters through their analysis of extensive satellite imagery. Deep learning disaster detection systems function as black-box systems which restrict their ability to operate in emergency situations because decision-makers cannot understand their functioning. The research presents a deep learning system which combines explainability with quantum-enhanced efficiency to classify multiple disaster types through image analysis. The system uses EfficientNetB0 to extract features with high efficiency while using a quantum-inspired metaheuristic algorithm to select the best features and multiple Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods which include Grad-CAM Saliency Maps and LIME. The proposed system is trained and evaluated on the Comprehensive Disaster Dataset (CDD) introduced by Niloy et al., comprising flood, wildfire, earthquake damage, landslide, urban fire, and non-disaster classes. The experimental assessment shows that the proposed system reaches 98.4% classification accuracy while maintaining high precision and recall and F1-score performance across all disaster categories. The model uses XAI techniques to provide visual and instance-level understanding of its predictions because the model needs to show how disaster features impact its outcomes. Comparative analysis indicates superior performance and improved explainability over recent deep learning–based disaster detection systems. The results confirm that combining quantum-based feature optimization with explainable deep learning enhances both predictive performance and operational trust, making the framework suitable for real-world disaster management and emergency response systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samiksha Bharti, Bappaditya Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Recent Progress in Solar Cell Physics: Materials, Efficiency, and Emerging Trends
This review paper provides a concise review of the recent developments in the physics of solar cells, in materials, efficiency enhancement, and technological trends. The paper discusses the working principle and historical evolution of the photovoltaic technology, as well as the various kinds of solar cells, including crystalline silicon, thin-film, perovskite, and organic photovoltaics. Notable gains in efficiency and performance have also been achieved through significant advances in material science and the device architecture, including PERC technology, tandem cells, and multi-junction designs. In the review, the significance of nanotechnology and improved fabrication strategies in improving the performance of solar cells is also mentioned. Even with these developments, issues like stability, cost, scalability and environmental impact are critical issues. This paper gives an insight into future prospects of developing efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable solar energy system by identifying research gaps and analyzing the current trends.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vinod Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nanostructured Materials and Their Physical Applications
People's perceptions about biodegradable materials have steadily changed as science and technology have advanced. Biodegradable materials often have a high percentage of polymers, many of which may be synthesised chemically. The manufacturing method is straightforward, and certain basic ingredients are inexpensive to get. The synthesis properties, applications, and perspectives of biodegradable polymers are the subject of this article, which reviews the related literature. This review highlights that biodegradable polymers such as PLA, PHA, PCL, PBS, and PBAT derived from renewable resources offer sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Advances in synthesis techniques, including enzyme-catalyzed polycondensation, ring-opening polymerization, and copolymerization, have enhanced their thermal, mechanical, and degradation properties. Applications extend from packaging to biomedical fields, particularly in drug delivery and tissue engineering, where 3D bioprinting has shown great promise. Despite challenges in cost, scalability, and controlled degradation, biodegradable polymers demonstrate significant potential for reducing plastic pollution. Future research should focus on optimizing performance, standardizing processes, and developing multifunctional composites for broader industrial and medical applications.
The Evolution of Commercial Jargon in Strengthening Business Resilience in a VUCA World
In a world increasingly described through the lens of VUCA: volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity- the language of commerce is undergoing a quiet but significant transformation. Organisations today rely on new expressions and evolving jargon to articulate unfamiliar challenges shaped by digital shifts, unstable markets, and rapidly changing consumer expectations. Terms such as resilience planning, digital agility, sustainability indicators, and data-driven strategies do more than circulate as fashionable business vocabulary; they mirror the ways in which institutions interpret disruption and imagine their futures. This paper examines how such emerging commercial jargon functions not merely as technical terminology but as a cultural and communicative tool that supports organisational resilience. When businesses adopt new language, they often adopt new ways of thinking, clarifying priorities, simplifying complex problems, and fostering shared understanding across diverse teams. In moments of crisis or uncertainty, this shared vocabulary becomes particularly vital, enabling quicker coordination and more confident decision making. Drawing from contemporary business communication, digital discourse, and managerial practices, the study argues that the evolution of jargon reflects the broader adaptive capacity of commerce in a VUCA environment. Ultimately, the paper suggests that resilient commerce is shaped not only by technology and strategy but also by the words through which organisations explain, negotiate, and navigate change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Archana Sinha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Navigating the VUCA World: Rise and Challenges of Gig Economy in India
VUCA stands for Volatility, Uncertainty, Complex and Ambiguous. It refers to the rapidly changing scenario in business today where the political, economic, socio cultural, technological and legal factors that have a great impact on commerce and business. These include the changing political dimensions, climatic changes and hence the regulations, economic recessions causing mass layoff, upskilling and reskilling in changing technological upgradations, changing consumer behavior owing to the change in demographics such as age, income and women in working force, legal regulations coming across to accommodate and be more relevant to these changes, environmental regulations etc. it would not be out to place to mention that future in these scenarios become a little more unpredictable which calls for the demand of agility of the organizations and economy at large to cope up with the change. One such kind of rapidly growing economy in India is the Gig economy that can be called as an adaptive response to the uncertainty and the volatility of business today. Gig economy is the kind of economy that is not permanent or is temporary or short term where the workers are paid for “per task” or “gig”. This kind of economy is in absolute contrast with the traditional workforce where the workforce was stable, income was regular and the people enjoyed certain benefits and social security from the organization. This paper delves into the evolving and future of gig economy, its adaptability to current scenarios in India with the challenges that it proposes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shilpa Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
VUCA as a Catalyst for Transforming HRM Practices: Analysing Their Impact on Workforce Agility and Organisational Resilience
In the contemporary dynamic business landscape, the increasing influence of VUCA is characterised by Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and ambiguity. These fundamental elements are reshaping corporate strategies, with a particular focus on Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices. Dynamic Human Resource (HRM) practice is important in India as it is characterised by rapid technological advancements, attracting and retaining skilled employees, promoting employee empowerment, and employee well-being by evolving legal and ethical standards. This study explores transforming human resource management practices by catalysing the role of VUCA and assessing the impact of the practices on workforce agility and organisational resilience. The study is based on secondary data from Global HR Trend Reports, Journals, Industry surveys, and Organisational case studies. The research demonstrated the implementation of VUCA-driven human resource management approaches like agile talent management, continuous learning systems, digital HR platforms, employee empowerment programs, and adaptive leadership development in organisations. Finding reveals that VUCA-driven HRM practices greatly enhance the preparedness for crises, increase workforce adaptiveness, and contribute towards the sustainability of an organisation. This research further advances the understanding of the critical role that HRM plays in fostering resilient, agile workforces capable of navigating an unpredictable business environment today.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priya Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Media Representation of Workforce Agility and Future Skills in the Digital Era
The rise of a digitally driven economy has positioned workforce agility and future-ready skills at the center of contemporary public debate. Media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping how society interprets shifts in the labour market, particularly regarding automation, hybrid work models, and the growing need for specialised digital competencies. This study investigates how mainstream and online news platforms construct narratives around workforce agility, reskilling, and the changing nature of employment in the digital age. It focuses on four core aims: identifying the dominant frames used to portray workforce transitions; analysing how news discourse presents both the opportunities and anxieties linked to emerging digital skill ecosystems; comparing representations across national, business, and technology-oriented outlets; and evaluating how such narratives influence public understanding and policy discussions. The research adopts qualitative content analysis, drawing on purposively selected news articles from print, online, and broadcast media within a set timeframe. Thematic coding is used to trace patterns, metaphors, and narrative strategies, supported by discourse analysis to reveal underlying ideological positions. To enrich contextual insight, interviews with HR professionals are included to capture practical perspectives on skill demands. Overall, the study contributes to debates on media influence, labour reforms, and digital transformation by clarifying how public imaginaries of the future of work are constructed and sustained
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Priyanka Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Technological Disruption and Digital Transformation in Modern Commerce: Strategies, Impacts and Opportunities
Technological disruption and digital transformation have become major forces shaping modern commerce. Growing technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are changing the way businesses operate, communication and competitiveness in the market. The study looks at the strategy, impact and opportunity of digital transformation and technical disruption in contemporary business settings. Recognising and emphasising the role that digital technologies play in organisations gaining efficiency, enhancing consumer experience and extending their market reach through e-commerce, digital marketing and data-informed decision making. The challenges of cybersecurity threats, high implementation costs and resistance to organizational change are also discussed in the study. The conclusions show that companies that embrace digital transformation are more likely to grow in the long term and attain innovation and competitiveness. The research findings suggest that digital transformation plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of businesses in the current digitally transforming economy
Copyright (c) 2026 Alok Baran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Resiliance Of the Indian Banking System in Vuca World
In today's volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) global context, the Indian banking system is very important in ensuring economic stability and contributing to economic development. The economic volatility, technological shifts, geopolitical uncertainties, financial crises, and evolving consumer preferences have created substantial hurdles for banks in India. The present research focuses on analyzing and studying the approach that banks have taken to manage risk, maintain financial stability and ensure the efficiency of their operations in the VUCA world. The study emphasizes the importance of digital transformation, regulatory reforms, risk management strategies, and technological advancements to further fortify the banking sector. It is also highlighted that issues like cyber security risks, non-performing assets (NPAs) and market uncertainty are surfacing as challenges. The study concludes that there is a need to make the Indian banking system more Resilient and Sustainable in the long term through the process of Adaptability, Good Governance and Technological Advancement
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashok Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Risk Engineering and Corporate Resilience: The Strategic Role of Derivatives in a VUCA Economy
In a VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous) portrayed by changing market dynamics and perplexity, corporate resilience arising from commodity price swings, exchange rate fluctuations, and interest rate shocks depends significantly on effective risk engineering and financial innovation. This study investigates the crucial and strategic role of derivatives as instrument for handling and managing financial exposure, liquidity management and preserving enterprise value. By reviewing the theoretical underpinnings of hedging, supporting data driven research and case studies of multinational enterprises. It is illustrated that structured risk management tools contribute remarkably to financial viability amid crisis. Finding advocates that firms with well managed and regulated derivative guidelines and policies exhibit exemplary performance amid economic downturns compared with unhedged firms. The paper aims to address that derivatives should be reconstructed as strategic tools for risk mitigation in lieu of being viewed as speculative instrument, particularly in an environment characterised by macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainty. This research paper uses qualitative measures based on secondary data using Journals, Magazines, News Bulletin, Business Articles, different Case Studies to highlight the impact of derivatives and financial engineering to commercial resilience in a VUCA environment
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Ragdah Jawaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Adaptive AI in Commodity Dynamics across India’s Quick-Commerce Sector.
In the Contemporary times, the global economy is experiencing a VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous) Environment. (Bennett, N., & Lemoine, G. J. 2014). Quick Commerce Platforms in India such as Blinket, Zepto and Instamart operate in this ecosystem which demands precise inventory management, strategic planning and real-time accurate pricing. Commodities like fruits, vegetables, dairy etc face continuous price fluctuation, driven by various factors including climate, demand and supply, seasonal changes, supply chain disruption and global market influences. Traditional Business frameworks often struggle to keep pace with the rapid changes, making forecasting and decision making extremely challenging for businesses to survive. (Chakraborty & Kumar, 2021) On the other hand, among the various types of static AI, Adaptive Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a game changer. Even though, the rise of Machine Learning and Big Data technology during 2000’s for training AI systems with vast amount of data, self-learning algorithms drew attention of many commercial companies in the past few years. (Marthis, 2024). The concept of Adaptive AI became widely recognised in the recent times, due to its ability to continuously learn and evolve recommendations and responses in real-time, based on emerging patterns in dynamic business conditions. Therefore, moving beyond fixed algorithms. It can enable Q-Commerce Platforms to maintain flexibility, competitiveness and resilience in the modern business paradigm. This paper attempts to analyse the price fluctuations in key commodities in India and seeks to analyse the availability of commodities on Q-Commerce Platforms. Lastly, the paper also aims to understand the role of Adaptive AI in helping Q-Commerce platforms maintain competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tracy Joan Reid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Navigating Geopolitical Trade Challenges: Assessing India’s Export & Investment Resilience under the India-UK Trade Pact
In today’s volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment, international trade relationships are in constant flux as they are shaped by changing political tides at a global level and through changes in economic policies. This research looks to examine what is changing in the trade and investment climate between India and the UK,which are at the heart of the Indian --UK Free Trade Agreement issue, which is a large part of a larger effort at better bilateral relations and economic growth. We look at how India’s export and investment strategies have played out during the FTA talks, and we look into what policies may help both countries to better fortify their trade in an uncertain world.The study draws upon secondary sources such as government reports, World Trade Organization publications, UN Conference on Trade and Development publications, the Reserve Bank of India, and the UK Department for Business and Trade. Analysis of trade performance for the years 2019 to 2024 captures trends before negotiations and after. According to the findings, there is growing diversification in the composition of Indian exports, with the pharmaceuticals, textiles, IT, and services sectors witnessing particularly robust growth. India-UK bilateral investments have also increased, suggesting higher confidence and further economic interdependence between the two countries. The negotiation of the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) underscores potential expansion of exports, long-term investments, and diversification of trade for the two countries. Institutional collaboration consolidation, trade infrastructure and development, and transparent and predictable policy enforcement, however, will be required to maximize these prospects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zubiya Shahid, Priya Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Payment Systems and Data Protection: Challenges and Risk Mitigation in Indian Commerce
Digital payment systems have become vital to present-day commerce, instigating a mounting necessity to scrutinise their cybersecurity vulnerabilities and defences. This research focuses on empathetic understanding of the embryonic security landscape surrounding these platforms. India's digital payment ecosystem has experienced exponential growth, driven by initiatives such as UPI and government efforts to promote a cashless economy. However, this rapid digitisation presents noteworthy challenges concerning data protection and security, necessitating a robust regulatory framework and proactive risk mitigation strategies to build and maintain consumer trust. The objectives of this paper are to identify the major challenges and risks associated with data protection in digital payment transactions from both customer and business perspectives, and to analyse effective risk mitigation strategies for digital payment systems and data protection, keeping in view the regulatory framework for digital payment systems. The evaluation of data protection is taken into consideration. This focuses on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire, which explores these challenges, including threats like phishing attacks, identity theft, and the complexity of existing legal frameworks, and to find out the suggestions for risk mitigation strategies that combine technical, regulatory, and educational measures
Copyright (c) 2026 Muskan Saha, Rachna Thakkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Leadership Competencies Required For Vuca-Driven Strategic Transformation With Real Figure And Facts
The accelerating pace of change in global business—characterized by Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity (VUCA)—has heightened the strategic importance of leadership competencies that enable organizations to adapt and transform effectively. Recent global disruptions, including the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and technological disruptions, have revealed significant leadership capability gaps. According to a 2023 Deloitte Insights report, 70% of large-scale organizational transformations fail primarily due to inadequate leadership preparedness and culture misalignment. Similarly, a McKinsey Global Survey (2022) found that organizations with highly agile and future-ready leadership teams were 1.8 times more likely to achieve sustained performance during market turbulence. This study examines the leadership competencies required to drive strategic transformation in VUCA environments, focusing on four core capabilities: (1) Strategic Agility, (2) Systems Thinking, (3) Emotional Intelligence, and (4) Adaptive Decision-Making. Evidence from the World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report (2023) underscores that complex problem-solving, resilience, and social influence are among the top 10 critical skills required for organizational survival and growth in the next decade. In addition, case analyses of companies such as Microsoft, Tata Group, and Unilever demonstrate that leaders who foster psychological safety, promote continuous learning cultures, and integrate data-driven decision systems significantly enhance organizational resilience. The study concludes that VUCA-driven strategic transformation is less about control and more about adaptive leadership, where leaders act as sense-makers and change enablers rather than directive authorities. Strengthening leadership development systems, institutionalizing reflective learning practices, and cultivating collaborative decision architectures emerge as critical pathways for building resilient, future-ready enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priyanka Sahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
XAI-Based Evaluation Model for Navigating Academic Ambiguity
Academic evaluation often does not reflects student’s abilities accurately. There are sufficient testaments available which proves that student who did not scored well in their academic examinations have done exceptionally well in competitive exams have done very well in their life. Academic evaluation often becomes unclear because instructions are interpreted differently by teachers, raters score inconsistently, and automated grading systems are not transparent. Till date our assessment modules are largely based on memory based evaluation and not on ability based assessment. This paper suggests using an Explainable AI (XAI)–based evaluation model to reduce this ambiguity by: 1) Making automated and mixed (human + AI) scoring more transparent, 2) Showing clear explanations for each feature and each student’s score, and 3) Providing measurable data that can help improve rubrics. We include a synthetic-data experiment to show how an easy-to-understand model and XAI methods can Highlight the main factors affecting grades and Detect where strict grading or peer-review differences create ambiguity. The findings show that XAI can offer practical insights that make academic assessment clearer, fairer, and more trustworthy. The paper ends with key suggestions and areas for future research
Copyright (c) 2026 Rakesh Kumar Pathak, Prakash Upadhyay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of social media engagement on consumer buying behaviour of youth in Patna, Bihar
In today’s digital age, social media has become a powerful influence on how young people think, connect, and make purchasing decisions. The study focuses on how social media engagement influences the buying behaviour of young consumers in Patna. It is among the most developing cities of Bihar, especially in the context of today’s fast-moving digital world. The study aims to understand the influence of social media platforms on consumer buying behaviour of youth. It also investigates the types of social media content that affect decision making in digital commerce. The study helps us to understand the link between engagement on social media and actual purchase intentions. Now that social media has become such a big part of everyday life, it’s necessary to understand how these platforms structure their marketing strategies, attitudes, preferences, and decisions as consumers. In the VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous) world it is important to understand the changing style of marketing in uncertain and volatile environment as factors affecting the major consumer buying behaviour. This study is based on primary data, which is collected from young audience in Patna, Bihar. This research will provide maximum benefit to marketers, brands, and businesses aiming to connect with youth more effectively. By understanding what attracts their attention and influence their choices, companies can create better strategies in the evolving prospect of e-commerce.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vedika Jain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Critical Evaluation of the Financial Prudence and Crisis-Readiness of the Bihar Student Credit Card Scheme in Patna District: Implications for Sustainable Educational Financing and Long-Term Human Capital Development
The Bihar Student Credit Card (BSCC) scheme, launched under the Saat Nischay Yojana in 2016, represents a pioneering initiative to democratize access to higher education by providing affordable credit to economically disadvantaged students. With an emphasis on its implications for long-term human capital development and sustainable educational finance, this research critically assesses the scheme's financial prudence and crisis-readiness in the Patna district. The research evaluates the scheme's design, implementation effectiveness, and resilience to economic shocks using a mixed-method approach that incorporates policy analysis, fiscal data examination, and stakeholder interviews. Results indicate that switching to interest-free loans has improved inclusiveness and greatly decreased repayment stress, but it has also raised the state's budgetary vulnerability, raising concerns about long-term viability. There are still issues with monitoring, targeting effectiveness, and institutional accountability even if the program shows great promise for crisis mitigation through flexible repayment arrangements. The study makes the case that creating district-level reserve funds, codifying hardship clauses, and incorporating outcome-linked incentives might improve resilience and financial discipline. In the end, the Patna BSCC project turns out to be a revolutionary but costly model whose ability to develop long-term human capital will depend on striking a balance between equality objectives and responsible financial management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devdeep Sikdar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Financial Resilience in Commerce: Managing Inflation, Currency Volatility, and Liquidity Risk
Financial resilience has become a strategic imperative for commerce in an increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) global environment. Inflationary pressures, persistent currency fluctuations, and heightened liquidity risks challenge the stability and competitiveness of firms across sectors. This research paper examines the interplay between these financial risks and the mechanisms through which commercial enterprises can anticipate, mitigate, and adapt to them. The study synthesizes contemporary literature, economic theory, and industry cases to propose a comprehensive resilience framework rooted in risk forecasting, operational agility, and strategic hedging. This paper explores various financial risk management strategies, assessing their effectiveness in a globalized economy. By analysing recent literature and real-world case studies, the study highlights emerging trends, regulatory challenges, and innovative approaches to risk mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farhan Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of Edge Computing on Real-Time Decision Making in Business Operations: Opportunities and Challenges
The rapid growth of data-driven technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence has amplified the demand for real-time processing and decision making in business operations. Traditional cloud computing often faces limitations in latency, bandwidth, and security when handling time-sensitive data. Edge computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm that processes data closer to its source, thereby reducing response time and enabling instantaneous insights. Edge computing is enabling real-time decision making through localized data analytics. It processes information closer to its origin, and therefore achieving faster response times, and enhanced operational efficiency. industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and retail, can get the benefits of edge solutions in terms of predictive maintenance, personalized customer engagement, fraud detection, and efficient supply chain management. While the technology presents significant opportunities, it also introduces critical challenges regarding infrastructure setup, security vulnerabilities, and network reliability. This article explores the transformative impact of edge computing on real-time business decision making, highlighting both the opportunities and the hurdles organizations must overcome to maximize value. This study concludes that while edge computing offers unprecedented opportunities for enhancing real-time decision making in business operations, organizations must adopt a balanced approach that addresses the associated technical, financial, and security challenges
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukesh Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Building Resilient Commerce through Credit Empowerment: Evaluating the Impact of PMMY on India’s Enterprise Ecosystem
The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY), launched in 2015, has emerged as a major policy intervention for strengthening India’s micro and small enterprise ecosystem through the provision of collateral-free credit. This research paper evaluates the performance and impact of PMMY over a ten-year period from 2015–16 to 2024–25, drawing exclusively on secondary data relating to loan sanctions, disbursements, social category-wise and gender-wise distribution, and the composition of new and existing enterprises. The analysis shows that a total of 53,31,00,694 loans were sanctioned under the scheme, with sanctioned amounts rising sharply from ₹1,37,449.27 crore in 2015–16 to ₹5,52,801.78 crore in 2024–25. Disbursement efficiency remained consistently high at 96%–99%, reflecting strong administrative coordination. The scheme has demonstrated substantial inclusiveness, with women receiving 35,76,74,394 loans and SC, ST, and OBC categories together accounting for a significant share of total beneficiaries. PMMY supported 10,93,23,032 new entrepreneurs and 42,37,77,662 existing enterprises, indicating its dual role in promoting enterprise creation and sustaining business expansion. Overall, the findings confirm that PMMY has significantly contributed to credit empowerment, inclusive entrepreneurship, and the development of a resilient enterprise ecosystem in India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kanhai Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Digital Transformation Strategies in VUCA: A Holistic Framework Integrating Agility, Innovation, and Organizational Resilience
In a global landscape increasingly defined by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA), organizations are finding that traditional strategic frameworks often fall short of ensuring long-term viability. This study presents a conceptual framework that views digital transformation as more than a technological change. Instead, it is understood as a strategic process that brings together and strengthens three essential organizational capabilities, namely agility, innovation, and resilience. By synthesizing contemporary scholarly trends from 2018 to 2025 and drawing on Dynamic Capabilities Theory and the Resource-Based View, the research explores how these constructs interact to form a holistic response to external disruptions. The findings suggest that while each capability has its internal logic, their true power lies in their mutual reinforcement. Digital transformation acts as the catalyst that enables firms to sense environmental shifts (agility), seize new value through novel offerings (innovation), and maintain structural integrity during crises (resilience). This paper contributes to organizational theory by connecting research areas that have largely been studied in isolation and by providing an integrated framework to guide leaders in addressing the challenges of the digital era
Copyright (c) 2026 Supriya Shree https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Shifting Trends in Cybercrime: A Comparative Study of Pre-, During-, and Post-COVID-19 Eras
The COVID-19 pandemic reflected a major global transformation in the digital landscape, reshaping the individuals, organisations, and governments interact with technology. This rapid digitalisation also led to a parallel surge in cybercrime. The present study analyses the levels and evolution of cybercrime across three phases — pre-COVID, during COVID, and post-COVID — while assessing the effectiveness of digital awareness initiatives in mitigating cyber threats. Before COVID-19 (2018–2019), the average reported cyberattacks remained around 350,000 cases per day, primarily involving phishing and data breaches. During the pandemic, the most crucial phase (i.e., 2020–2021), was when cybercrimes increased by nearly 300%, with ransomware attacks rising by 62%, and phishing emails accounting for over 90% of security breaches, according to the recent data by INTERPOL and WHO. In the post-pandemic period, where some relief was seen, and it was observed that in (2022–2024), cyber incidents declined to some extent by 15–20%, yet new threats such as cryptocurrency scams and AI-enabled fraud have emerged rapidly, demonstrating the adaptive nature of cybercriminals and the lack of knowledge and awareness among the victims. In today’s VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous) world, cyber threats reflect the uncertainty and complexity of the accelerated digital transformation. The pandemic amplified this volatility by revealing critical weaknesses in Cybersecurity systems and user preparedness. This study is based on the primary data supported with secondary data from Top Institutions like the WHO & INTERPOL. This paper will help benefit the various policymakers, Cybersecurity professionals, and other researchers to analyse the changing cybercrime patterns and the effectiveness of awareness. It will also help organisations and individuals in order to strengthen their digital security strategies in a VUCA-driven world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucky Makharia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Determinants of Financial Prudence among the young Adults in Bihar’s Tier 1 City: An Empirical Study on Savings Behavior and Gender Dynamics
In today's uncertain economy, living within means and having a buffer for unexpected emergencies has become not only necessary for stability, but peace of mind as well. Increasing costs of living, an uncertain job market, rising health care costs, and abrupt events like pandemics and natural disasters show why a safety quilt is necessary. For young adults in growing metropolitan regions, these necessities seem most urgent. Most people experience income volatility, high living expenses, lifestyle pressures and limited access to sound financial advice. The goal of the current research is to understand how young adults cope with financial responsibility and crisis counseling in Patna, a Tier 1 city of Bihar. It explores closely the roles of savings behavior, gender on decision making, attitudes towards risk and methods of generating security. The overall goal of this research is to provide information that can support responsible financial activities and promote saving as a sustainable goal. Emerging from a gender approach, the study points to the need to adopt measures towards inclusive access to financial knowledge and resources for both women and men. Ultimately, this research has the objectives of deepening knowledge and understanding of how young adults are more likely to become financially resilient not only for their own futures, but for the economic well - being of their communities
Copyright (c) 2026 Tracy Joan Reid, Kesar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Social Media’s Effect on Consumer Purchase Intentions
Across the globe, businesses are consistently looking for novel approaches to connect with their target audience. Just a few decades ago, the most fundamental components of marketing strategy were advertising on television and in print media. In the modern era, these classic marketing streams constitute only a small portion of the many different tactics that are utilized in the process of marketing and branding items. The ever-increasing emphasis placed on social media has had a significant impact on the state-of-the-art advertising industry and how businesses communicate with the people they are trying to reach. Consequently, the utilization of social media in an efficient manner has become an indispensable component in the process of establishing and sustaining a competitive edge. As a result, businesses now place a high value on the ability of social media to impact consumers' perceptions of brands and their intention to purchase. Businesses who use social media with a strategic strategy will outperform those that don't. Examining the body of research on social media use and brand perception can be useful in determining new and effective methods for enhancing customer interaction on social media when evaluating the effects of social media on branding and marketing initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arindam Roy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0