A Comparative Review on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Al-TiB₂ Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting and Squeeze Casting Techniques

Arvinder Singh  Channi; Manjot Kaur  Channi

doi:10.69968/ijisem.2025v4i3176-184

Authors

Arvinder Singh Channi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, (India).
Manjot Kaur Channi Department of Electronics and Communication, National Institute of Technology, Delhi (India).

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69968/ijisem.2025v4i3176-184

Keywords:

Mechanical Properties, Tribological Properties, Stir Casting Techniques, Squeeze Casting Techniques, aluminium (Al) alloy, Titanium Diboride (TiB₂), Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs)

Abstract

In recent years, metal matrix composites that are composed of aluminium alloys have played a critical role in the displacement of the preponderance of traditional materials. These composites are advised because to their superior mechanical and physical properties. Review the several studies on Al–TiB₂ composites made using squeeze and stir casting methods in this page. According to the review, multi-pass stirring in FSP greatly improves the interfacial bonding and reinforcement dispersion, which in turn improves the mechanical characteristics of Al–TiB₂ composites. Most studies utilize the cost-effective liquid metallurgy method for composite fabrication. Although ductility remains relatively constant, hardness, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance are consistently enhanced as the TiB₂ content increases. In comparison to stir casting, squeeze casting exhibits superior mechanical and tribological performance due to improved particulate distribution, reduced porosity, and stronger interfacial bondings. Stir casting, however, results in moderate properties due to inhomogeneous TiB₂ dispersion. Overall, squeeze casting proves more effective in achieving high-performance Al–TiB₂ composites.

References

[1] K. Pooja, N. Tarannum, and P. Chaudhary, Metal matrix composites: revolutionary materials for shaping the future, vol. 5, no. 1. Springer International Publishing, 2025.https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-025-00226-6

[2] S. K. Sharma et al., "Progress in Aluminum-Based Composites Prepared by Stir Casting: Mechanical and Tribological Properties for Automotive, Aerospace, and Military Applications," Lubricants, vol. 12, no. 12, 2024,https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120421

[3] D. S. Rao, B. N. V. S. K. G. Gupta, T. V. Rao, and J. E. Manikanta, "Mechanical and microstructural behaviour of aluminium/TiB2 composites fabricated through multi-pass friction stir processing," Mater. Today Proc., vol. 44, no. xxxx, pp. 413-418, 2021,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.750

[4] C. H. Morsiya and S. Pandya, "Effect of Stir Casting Process Parameters and Stirrer Blade Geometry on Mechanical Properties of Al MMCS - A Review," Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1473-1495, 2023,https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2023.146214

[5] A. S. Channi and M. K. Channi, "Advances in AMC: A Review of Processing Techniques, Mechanical Performance and Wear Properties," Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Manag., vol. 4, no. 1, 2025,https://doi.org/10.69968/ijisem.2025v4i1256-261

[6] H. Kala, K. K. S. Mer, and S. Kumar, "A Review on Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors of Stir Cast Aluminum Matrix Composites.," Procedia Mater. Sci., vol. 6, 2014,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.229

[7] S. Mohan and D. Shivappa, "An Analysis Of The Mechanical And Tribological Characteristics Of Stir-Cast Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites .," Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1-5, 2017.

[8] A. Kareem, J. A. Qudeiri, A. Abdudeen, T. Ahammed, and A. Ziout, "A review on AA 6061 metal matrix composites produced by stir casting," Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2021,https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010175

[9] B. Gugulothu, P. Anusha, M. N. S. Sri, S. Vijayakumar, R. Periyasamy, and S. Seetharaman, "Optimization of Stir-Squeeze Casting Parameters to Analyze the Mechanical Properties of Al7475/B4C/Al2O3/TiB2 Hybrid Composites by the Taguchi Method," Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-042300-5.50001-7

[10] R. C. Pradhan, D. Das, B. P. Sahoo, C. Rout, A. Panda, and E. Barla, "Machining Investigations of Squeeze Cast Tib2/Al 7075 Composites Through Edm: Regression Modelling and Weighted Principal Component Analysis," Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 68, no. 2, 2023,https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2023.142434

[11] K. Shivalingaiah et al., "Stir Casting Process Analysis and Optimization for Better Properties in Al-MWCNT-GR-Based Hybrid Composites," Metals (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 8, 2022,https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081297

[12] S. Vijayakumar, P. S. S. Kumar, P. S. Kumar, S. Manickam, G. B. Ramaiah, and H. P. Pydi, "The Effect of Stir-Squeeze Casting Process Parameters on Mechanical Propertyand DensityofAluminum Matrix Composite," Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022.https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3741718

[13] G. Manoj Kumar, "Characterization of Al-6063/TiB2/Gr hybrid composite fabricated by stir casting process," Met. Powder Rep., vol. 76, 2021,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2020.06.063

[14] S. Sathish, S. Solomon Raj, A. Nair, and S. Sundaraselvan, "Investigation on mechanical properties of aluminum hybrid matrix composites reinforced with fly ash and titanium diboride using stir casting technique," Mater. Res. Express, vol. 11, 2024,https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ad6238

[15] M. K. Sahu and R. K. Sahu, "Fabrication of Aluminum Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Technique and Stirring Process Parameters Optimization," Adv. Cast. Technol., no. May, 2018,https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73485

[16] N. Srivastava and M. Anas, "An investigative review of squeeze casting: Processing effects & impact on properties," Mater. Today Proc., vol. 26, no. xxxx, pp. 1914-1920, 2019,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.419

[17] S. Vijayakumar, P. S. Satheesh Kumar, P. Sampath Kumar, S. Manickam, G. B. Ramaiah, and H. P. Pydi, "The Effect of Stir-Squeeze Casting Process Parameters on Mechanical Property and Density of Aluminum Matrix Composite," Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022,https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3741718

[18] S. Deshmukh, A. Ingle, and D. Thakur, "Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of aluminum-based metal matrix composites by the squeeze casting method," J. Mech. Behav. Mater., vol. 34, no. 1, 2025,https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2025-0044

[19] S. K. Dash and P. Lingfa, "Study on Squeeze Casting of Aluminum Matrix Composites-A Review," 2019, Springer International Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76276-0

[20] S. Venkatesan and M. A. Xavior, "Experimental investigation on stir and squeeze casted aluminum alloy composites reinforced with Graphene," Mater. Res. Express, pp. 0-17, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab568f

[21] S. Sankarasabapathi, N. Subramaniam, S. Velmurugan, and G. R. E. Nelson, "Exploring the mechanical and microstructural characterization of stir cast aluminum 8011 matrix hybrid composites," Matéria (Rio Janeiro), vol. 30, 2025,https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-rmat-2024-0904

[22] S. A. Farooq et al., "Effect of TiB2 on the mechanical and tribological properties of marine grade Aluminum Alloy 5052: An experimental investigation," J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 29, 2024,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.02.106

[23] M. Sambathkumar, R. Gukendran, T. Mohanraj, D. K. Karupannasamy, N. Natarajan, and D. S. Christopher, "A Systematic Review on the Mechanical, Tribological, and Corrosion Properties of Al 7075 Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated through Stir Casting Process," Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2023,https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5442809

[24] S. Ko et al., "Fabrication of TiB2-Al1050 Composites with Improved Microstructural and Mechanical Properties by a Liquid Pressing Infiltration Process," Materials (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 7, 2020,https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071588

[25] J. V. Christy, R. Arunachalam, A. H. I. Mourad, P. K. Krishnan, S. Piya, and M. Al-Maharbi, "Processing, Properties, and Microstructure of Recycled Aluminum Alloy Composites Produced Through an Optimized Stir and Squeeze Casting Processes," J. Manuf. Process., vol. 59, no. October, pp. 287-301, 2020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.09.067

[26] R. Krishna Kumar, N. Radhika, and M. Sam, "Synthesis of Aluminium Composites Using Squeeze Casting and Investigating the Effect of Reinforcements on Their Mechanical and Wear Properties," Trans. Indian Inst. Met., vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 2299-2310, 2019,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01680-6

[27] S. Poria, G. Sutradhar, and P. Sahoo, "Wear and friction behavior of stir cast Al-TiB2 metal matrix composites with various lubricants," Tribol. Ind., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 508-521, 2016.

[28] A. V. Satyanarayana, Y. V. Ramana Murthy, and C. M. V.S.A, "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Al6061 Composite by Stir Casting Method," Int. J. Emerg. Res. Eng. Sci. Manag., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 51-58, 2024,https://doi.org/10.58482/ijeresm.v3i3.9