Chrononutrition And Metabolic Disease: A Review Of Circadian Influences On Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes, And Cardiometabolic Health

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) some of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide and the major causes of heart disease and deaths. In the conventional nutritional therapy, diet composition and calorie restriction remain the main tools; nevertheless, there are increasing pieces of evidence that the timing of eating has an important part in metabolic homeostasis. Chrononutrition is one of the new areas which deal with interaction of nutrients, circadian rhythm, and metabolic processes. The circadian system controls glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, lipids, hormones production, and energy expenditure. Misalignment of circadian rhythm because of irregular eating time, shifts at work, social jetlag, and nighttime eating increases risk for obesity, MetS, and T2DM development. Clinical research has revealed that synchronization of eating time with the internal clock through TRE, eTRF, and optimal eating time can have beneficial impact on insulin resistance, metabolic health, body weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Recently it has become known that there are several mechanisms involved in linking eating schedule with metabolism, including gut microbiota and hormonal pathways. This review provides an overview of the existing evidence related to chrononutrition and its relevance in metabolic syndrome and T2DM through circadian biology, clinical practice, and therapeutic perspectives. An appreciation of the importance of meal timing can help achieve an efficient complementary intervention for cardiometabolic disorders.