Achieving Thermal Comfort Using Vernacular Materials

Abstract

This study evaluates the thermal performance of traditional Punjabi wall assemblies using Nanakshahi bricks and lime–Surkhi mortar, in comparison with conventional modern construction systems employing fired clay bricks and cement-based materials. The research focuses on three representative wall assemblies: a 450 mm vernacular masonry wall (Assembly A), a 230 mm modern brick wall (Assembly B), and a 200 mm concrete block wall (Assembly C).

The primary objective is to quantitatively assess thermal efficiency through steady-state (U-value) and dynamic performance indicators such as thermal mass and time lag, in the context of Punjab’s composite climate.

The results demonstrate that the vernacular assembly achieves a significantly lower U-value (1.34 W/m²K) compared to modern alternatives (2.22 and 3.16 W/m²K) and exhibits a thermal lag of 8–12 hours, effectively reducing indoor temperature fluctuations. This leads to improved passive thermal comfort and reduced dependence on mechanical cooling systems.

In addition to thermal performance, the study highlights the ecological advantages of lime–Surkhi mortar, which utilizes recycled materials and lowers embodied energy compared to cement-based construction.

The findings emphasize that assembly-level design and material thickness play a critical role in climate-responsive architecture. Future scope includes integrating vernacular materials with modern structural systems, standardizing Surkhi production, and incorporating dynamic thermal performance metrics into building codes to enhance sustainable design practices in North India.